ne-100-class7-march2017.pdf

Course NE-200
Technical Writing in English
CeNSE
Instructor: S.A. Shivashankar
Classes: Wednesdays, 2.30-4.10 PM

NE-100, Second Semester, 2016-17
Assignment 1- writing an Abstract- is DUE TODAY
Late submissions WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.

NE-100, Second Semester, 2016-17
Assignment 2- writing an Introduction
Length: 800-1000 words, DOUBLE-SPACED
Due: Wednesday, March 22
Late submissions WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED.

To those REGISTERED in this Course:
Please go to the CeNSE Office TODAY
and sign a REGISTRATION Record. It is a MUST.
This is REQUIRED by the Academic Section
as confirmation that you have not dropped the Course.

Certain Abbreviations
e.g. stands for exempli gratia. It is a Latin phrase that means “for example”.
It must, therefore, be followed by a comma: e.g., “For example,………”
i.e. stands for id est, another Latin phrase. It means “that is” or “in other
words”. It must, therefore, be followed by a comma: i.e., “That is,………”
Therefore, e.g. and i.e. are not interchangeable. They do not have the
same meaning.
viz. stands for videlicet, which is Latin for “that is, clearly, evidently,
or it may be seen that”.
It must, therefore, be followed by a comma: viz., “Clearly,……..” or
“That is,……”
et al. stands for et alii (masculine plural) and et aliae (feminine plural).
It is Latin for “and others”.
op.cit. stands for opere citato, Latin for “in the work cited”.

Now a days the graphene and nanotubes (CNT) have wide
applications in the research field. The graphene is the
single layer allotropes. sp2 hybridization makes the graphene.
to make CNT we can roll the graphene. The most important
thing is that the properties of graphene & CNT are
greatly different. Its noted that the graphene is most hard
material more than diamond and it is also flexible.

Now a days the graphene and nanotubes (CNT) have wide
applications in the research field. The graphene is the
single layer allotropes. sp2 hybridization makes the graphene.
To make CNT we can roll the graphene. The most important
thing is that the properties of graphene & CNT are
greatly different. Its noted that the graphene is most hard
material more than diamond and it is also flexible.
Graphene and nanotubes (CNT) are being studied
by researchers worldwide. Graphene is the single-layer allotrope of
carbon, in which sp2 hybridization occurs. A CNT can be
made by rolling a graphene sheet. Yet, the properties of graphene
and CNT differ greatly. It is to be noted that graphene is the hardest
material – even harder than diamond – and yet flexible.

The research problem on which I’m planning to work is
use of nanoparticles in biological systems.
Nanoparticles due to its tunable properties find immense
applications in various fields of science and engineering.
An intense research is going on all over the world to find
application of nanoparticle in biological systems, ie.
for curing various deleterious diseases such as cancer etc
or in drug delivery.

The research problem on which I’m planning to work is
use of nanoparticles in biological systems.
Nanoparticles due to its tunable properties find immense
applications in various fields of science and engineering.
An intense research is going on all over the world to find
application of nanoparticles in biological systems, ie.
for curing various deleterious diseases such as cancer etc
or in drug delivery.
Due to their tunable properties, nanoparticles have
numerous possible applications in various fields of science
and engineering. Intense research is under way all over the
world to find applications for nanoparticles in biological systems,
e.g., in curing diseases such as cancer and in drug delivery.
The research problem on which I’m planning to work
concerns the use of nanoparticles in biological systems.

I believe that a researcher can come up with better solutions
for the problems in the country with more chances than
people in other fields. The training to think logically, to see a
simple solution with available options etc are few of the good
qualities that would have been honed in a researcher.

I believe that a researcher can come up with better solutions
for the problems in the country with more chances than
people in other fields. The training to think logically, to see a
simple solution with available options etc are few of the good
qualities that would have been honed in a researcher.
I believe that a researcher has a better chance to come up with
better solutions to the country’s problems than people in other
occupations. To think logically, to see a simple solution among the
available options, are two of the abilities needed that would have
been honed in a researcher.

The development of high efficient photocatalyst is of significant
to solve energy shortages and environmental pollution in our
daily life. Photocatalyst can be defined as acceleration of
photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst. Since past few
decades nanostructures based photocatalyst have been
extensively investigated. My research focuses on understanding
the mechanism and development of efficient photoactive
nanostructures for conversion of toxic to non-toxic pollutants
and also for production of energy.

Photocatalysts accelerate photo-induced chemical reactions, and
have been investigated extensively in recent decades. The
development of high-efficiency photocatalysts can be
of significance in mitigating energy shortages and environmental
pollution that affect us. My research focuses on the
development of photoactive nanostructures and on understanding
the mechanisms involved in the detoxification of pollutants and
production of energy.

The enhancement in the Raman signal of a particular analyte remains
in the concept of significant increase in the differential Raman
cross section. The increase in the intensity of diffracted
electromagnetic wave resulting from surface Plasmon oscillation
contributes to the above mentioned effect. Surface plasmons
of a nanoparticle can be influenced by the alternating electric field
of an electromagnetic wave. Roughly a nanoparticle of the size
of 1/10th of the impinging wave can be excited. This effect is called
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance [Fig.1.a]. The surface wave can
couple with the incident electric field causing enhancement in the
scattered field [Fig.1.b].

Surface plasmons can be excited in metal nanoparticles measuring
roughly one-tenth of the wavelength of the incident EM radiation.
This is called localised surface plasmon resonance [Fig.1.a]. This
resonance leads to a large enhancement in the intensity of the
scattered EM radiation, thereby increasing greatly the Raman signal
due to the analyte placed on a substrate comprising metal
nanoparticles/nanostructures. That is, surface waves can couple
to the incident electric field causing enhancement in the
scattered field [Fig.1.b].

Lithography is done to pattern the Germanium contacts and
developed pattern is transferred to Germanium film by a combination
of dry and wet etch. Finally, metal contacts to this
Germanium-graphene junction are made by lithography, metal
sputtering and liftoff processes. The developed process is confirmed
to be graphene-compatible by Raman spectroscopy studies and
DC-IV characterisation.

Lithography is done to pattern the Germanium contacts and
developed pattern is transferred to Germanium film by a combination
of dry and wet etch. Finally, metal contacts to this
Germanium-graphene junction are made by lithography, metal
sputtering and liftoff processes. The developed process is confirmed
to be graphene-compatible by Raman spectroscopy studies and
DC-IV characterisation.
Graphene-Ge junctions were defined by patterning the germanium
film through lithography and appropriate etching. Metal
contacts to the graphene-Ge junctions were made using lithography,
metal sputtering, and lift-off processes. Raman spectroscopy and
DC-IV characterisation were employed to confirm that the process
developed was graphene-compatible.

The First Draft
Regardless of the type of writing – whether technical or not –
a well written paragraph has three very important and essential
features:
• Unity
• Coherence
• Adequate Development

The First Draft
Unity is the development of a single “controlling” or
central idea that is usually presented in the opening sentence
or a “topic sentence” that may follow the opening sentence.
Each sentence in the paragraph must develop that idea
and no other.

The First Draft
and no other.
While drafting, if a sentence does not seem to “fit in”, keep it
but “flag it”. During rewriting, you can determine whether there
is a better spot for it or if it is to be deleted.

The First Draft
and no other.
While drafting, if a sentence does not seem to “fit in”, keep it
but “flag it”. During rewriting, you can determine whether there
is a better spot for it or if it is to be deleted.
Wherever possible, end a paragraph with a “bridge sentence”
that links it smoothly to the next paragraph.

The First Draft
Coherence is a quality in writing whereby the writer makes
explicitly clear the connections between the thoughts expressed.
To achieve it:
• Repeat key words
• Use pronouns for important nouns
• Use demonstratives
• Establish logical order
• Use transitional words
• “Parallel construction” in sentences

Before you start writing, ask:
“What am I trying to say?”
When you finish writing, ask:
“Have I said it?”

Paragraph organization tips:
1. Avoid a succession of loose sentences
(monotonous).

(monotonous).
2. Paragraph flow is helped by:
• parallel sentence structures
• logical flow of ideas
• if necessary, transition words

(monotonous).
3. Your reader remembers the first sentence and
the last sentence best. Make the last sentence
memorable. Emphasis at the end!

(monotonous).
--Outlining and organizing can help arrange
ideas.
--But, when stringing together a series of
ideas, don’t forget to vary sentence
structure for readability.

Cancer
All mature organs in the body have a given life span after which they die
and new cells are generated. Under normal conditions, the production
of new cells is controlled by a cell-regulating mechanism in such a way
that the number of a particular cell type remains constant. Occasionally,
cells arise with certain mutations that do not respond to normal cell
regulatory mechanisms, and grow to a considerable size, producing
a tumour. This results in a disease called cancer which is the second
major cause of death worldwide.

Cancer
major cause of death worldwide. (memorable sentence to end paragraph)

Cancer
major cause of death worldwide.
Tumours that grow progressively invade healthy tissues and are known as
malignant tumours. Malignant tumours also exhibit metastasis in which
small clusters of cancerous cells dislodged from the tumour invade the
blood or lymphatic vessels and are carried to other places where they
multiply and give rise to secondary tumours.

Tumours that grow progressively invade healthy tissues and are known as
malignant tumours. Malignant tumours also exhibit metastasis in which
small clusters of cancerous cells dislodged from the tumour invade the
blood or lymphatic vessels and are carried to other places where they
multiply and give rise to secondary tumours.
Malignant tumours are classified into three major categories,
depending on the embryonic origin of the tissues from which the
tumours has originated. More than 80% of tumours are carcinomas
which arise from endodermal tissues or lymphomas which are tumours
of the hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow. About 1% of tumours
arise from mesodermal tissues such as bone, fat, etc., and are
termed sarcomas.

Cancer
of new cells is controlled by a cell regulating mechanism in such a way
major cause of death worldwide. (simple, direct, and effective sentences
to begin and end the paragraph)

Temperature Rising
He quickly made profound discoveries. One was that carbon dioxide oscillated
slightly according to the seasons. Dr. Keeling realized the reason: most of the
world’s land is in the Northern Hemisphere, and plants there were taking up
carbon dioxide as they sprouted leaves and grew over the summer, then
shedding it as the leaves died and decayed in the winter.

Temperature Rising
He had discovered that the earth itself was breathing.

Temperature Rising
He had discovered that the earth itself was breathing.
A more ominous finding was that each year, the peak level was a little higher
than the year before. Carbon dioxide was indeed rising, and quickly. That finding
electrified the small community of scientists who understood its implications.
Later chemical tests, by Dr. Keeling and others, proved that the increase was
due to the combustion of fossil fuels.

Example from Strunk and White:
The third concert of the subscription series was
given last evening, and a large audience was in
attendance. Mr. Edward Appleton was the
soloist, and the Boston Symphony Orchestra
furnished the instrumental music. The former
showed himself to be an artist of the first rank,
while the latter proved itself fully deserving of its
high reputation. The interest aroused by the
series has been very gratifying to the
Committee, and it is planned to give a similar
series annually hereafter. The fourth concert
will be given on Tuesday, May 10, when an
equally attractive program will be presented.

logical flow of ideas:
• Sequential in time
• General specific
• Logical arguments (if a then b; a;
therefore b)

The following are a few exercises for you in rewriting

Mechanical Engineers are Nature’s Creation
Stress, is the term coined by Cauchy in early 20th century
to describe the force applied on a body per unit area.
Although now we use stress to describe our state of mind.
Mechanical engineering has been an intricate part of nature
since the very beginning. It is clearly evident from the fact
that engineering marvells that we see around are mostly
derived from nature. So, nature has always been dependent
on mechanical engineering.

The stochastic optimization problems are an important
class of optimization problems. As optimization problems
try to find out the parameter for which the minimum value
is obtained for a given function. Stochastic optimization
problems try to do the same when function explicit form
is not known. So these kind of problems are more general
in real world because we do not often get function
explicit form.

Every living organism needs to sense the environment to
maximise the intake and for better living condition. So
they must have sensory organs to sense the environment.
For example, human beings have sensory system for
vision, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Now the question is
how do bacteria sense the environment, though they are
in few microns.

I am working on ultra high temperature material for aerospace
application. When the re-entry space vehicle enters Earth’s
atmosphere it undergoes high temperatures pressure,
thermal stress and dissociation of gases as well as it leads
to non-equilibrium state for the gaseous state.

Some Examples:
Day by day, right from the day we got our independence, English
is becoming popular and being pronounced as a medium for all
official instructions and amendments. The question which could chew
our mind is, how English itself got a seat as an official language
in our country, besides Hindi? Does English dominates our country
or we want it to get dominated.

A claim in 102nd Indian Science Congress, that aeroplanes
were invented in India well before 7000 years and people
were able to travel from one planet to other has not only
attracted widespread criticism but also this annual science
fare has become a subject of mockery. No doubt that India
has a glorious past, but to prove certain claims we must
understand that they must be put forth with clear proofs
and evidences. By claiming such inventions we are spoiling
our own knowledge base.

Light with its different colours has fascinated the human mind
since the inception of mankind. Manipulating light and its
propagation has been a topic of interest for the researchers
and this has led to a new branch in science called as
Metamaterials. As the name suggests these are materials
which are not present in nature by itself, but those which
are artificially engineered and hence called as ‘Meta-Materials’.
They can manipulate EM wave to provide peculiar properties
like Negative Index of Refraction, Super-Lensing, Invisibility
cloaking etc. which are otherwise not possible.

ne-100-class7-march2017.pdf

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