An overview of what is happening in the deterioration of the aquatic environment and the consequent adverse impacts on aquatic organisms and how to get rid of petroleum pollutants

2. By
Mahmoud Abdullah EL-Naqib
Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar university
in Cairo.
Demonstrator , Animal production Dep.,
Division of Aquaculture.
(2015)

3. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Bioremediation of petroleum
pollutants
BioSurfactant
Production and Applications

4. Biosurfactants|introduction
Our lecture is dedicated to the
characterization of cellular and molecular
mechanisms underlying surfactant biology
and to an improved understanding of the
role of the surfactant applications in the
biological field. Current systematic focus
on aquatic ecosystem pollutants.

5. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Water pollution and
Bioremediation

6. Water pollution definition
Water pollution is any chemical, physical or
biological change in the quality of water that has
a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or
uses or lives (in) it. When humans drink polluted
water it often has serious effects on their health.
Water pollution can also make water unsuited for
the desired use.

7. Water pollution category
 The first are disease-causing agent (These are bacteria, viruses. etc. )
A second category of water pollutants is oxygen-demanding wastes;
wastes that can be decomposed by oxygen-requiring bacteria. When
large populations of decomposing bacteria are converting these
wastes it can deplete oxygen levels in the water. This causes other
organisms in the water, such as fish, to die.
A third class of water pollutants is water-soluble inorganic pollutants,
such as acids, salts and toxic metals. Large quantities of these
compounds will make water unfit to drink and will cause the death of
aquatic life

8. marine pollution (Marpol 73/78)
Marpol 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention
of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of
1978. ("Marpol" is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for
the years 1973 and 1978.)
Marpol 73/78 is one of the most important international marine
environmental conventions. It was designed to minimize
pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust
pollution. Its stated object is to preserve the marine environment
through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other
harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge
of such substances

9. marine pollution (Marpol 73/78)

10. cycle of water pollutants

14. Immersion Quay by oil

15. high mortality

16. Oil tanker accidents
‫عام‬ ‫يناير‬ ‫من‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫النصف‬ ‫في‬ ‫حدث‬ ‫ما‬ ‫البحر‬ ‫في‬ ‫النفطي‬ ‫للتسرب‬ ‫حادثة‬ ‫أكبر‬ ‫يعد‬ ‫و‬1991‫قام‬ ‫عندما‬
‫إبان‬ ‫العراقي‬ ‫الجيش‬‫للكويت‬ ‫العراقي‬ ‫االحتالل‬‫مياه‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكويتي‬ ‫النفط‬ ‫بسكب‬‫العربي‬ ‫الخليج‬‫بمع‬‫يومي‬ ‫دل‬
‫بـ‬ ‫يقدر‬6000‫برميل‬.‫سواحل‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫غطت‬ ‫نفطية‬ ‫بقعة‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫مما‬‫الكويت‬‫العربية‬ ‫والمملكة‬
‫السعودية‬‫والبحرين‬‫وقطر‬.
‫عام‬ ‫أبريل‬ ‫في‬ ‫المكسيك‬ ‫خليج‬ ‫في‬ ‫النفطي‬ ‫والتسرب‬2010‫بحادثة‬ ‫يعرف‬ ‫ما‬ ‫في‬‫هورايزون‬ ‫ووتر‬ ‫ديب‬،
‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫تسرب‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أدت‬ ‫التي‬4500‫برميل‬.

17. Ecosystem equilibrium

18. In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond
to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and
recovering quickly.
Pollution and nature condition return
‫ا‬‫لتلوث‬‫مائي‬ ‫جسم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الساخن‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫يضاف‬ ‫حينما‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫الحراري‬.‫أخذت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الصورة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وفي‬
‫النهر‬ ‫في‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫بقية‬ ‫من‬ ‫تلونا‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫األدفأ‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫يظهر‬ ،‫الحمراء‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫لألشعة‬ ‫خاص‬ ‫فيلم‬ ‫بوساطة‬.
‫المجرى‬ ‫أسفل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التيار‬ ‫ويحمله‬ ،‫نووية‬ ‫طاقة‬ ‫توليد‬ ‫محطة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الساخن‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫ويأتي‬

19. Restocking comeback

20. Bioremediation definition
the treatment of pollutants or waste (as in an oil
spill, contaminated groundwater, or an industrial
process) by the use of microorganisms (as
bacteria) that break down the undesirable
substances or
Bioremediation is a process that aims the
detoxification and degradation of toxic pollutants
through microbial assimilation or enzymatic
transformation to less toxic compounds

21. Bioremediation types
Ex Situ Bioremediation
(with excavation)
In Situ Bioremediation
(without excavation)
Some examples of bioremediation related technologies:
phytoremediation
bioventing (A process that intentionally stimulates in-situ biological degradation; also
called soil venting)
bioleaching
landfarming
bioreactor
composting
bioaugmentation
rhizofiltration, and biostimulation.

23. S U R F A C T A N T S
“IN A NUTSHELL”
Surface active agents.
Chemical Processing

24. Surfactants :
are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or
between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting
agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are
amphiphilic, meaning they contain
both hydrophobic groups (their tails) water-hating and
Hydrophilic groups (their heads) water-loving.
Surfactants will diffuse in water and adsorb at interfaces
between air and water or at the interface between
oil and water, in the case where water is mixed with oil.
The water-insoluble hydrophobic group may extend out of the bulk water phase, into the air or
into the oil phase, while the water-soluble head group remains in the water phase.
Surfactants

25. The Difference between surface tension and
interfacial tension
The main difference between these two is the places where it
occurs. Surface tension is defined to a single liquid surface,
whereas the interfacial tension is defined to the interface of two
immiscible liquids. Surface tension is actually a derivation of
interfacial tension where force from the second surface is
negligible or zero.

26. Classification of surfactants
CLICK HERE FOR MORE INFO

27. Classification of surfactants?
A_Ionic surfactant B_Non-ionic surfactants
Anionic
Cationic
Zwitterionic (amphoteric)

28. Surfactants, Types
•Anionic: Sodium dodecyl ( lauryl)sulfate ( SLS)
•Cationic: Dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide(DTAB)
•Nonionic: Tweens, Spans
•Zwitterionic(Amphoteric): Lecithin(Phospholipids), Others
• Nontraditional: Bile salts
•Drugs: Dexverapamil-HCl, ibuprofen, and benzocaine.
28

29. What does surfactant do ?
Substance which reduces surface/interfacial
tension between two phases
Water & Oil
are mortal
enemies
Surfactants
acts as clamp
binding Water
& Oil are
together
Surface
Tension –
Force
between
two liquids
29

30. • The "tail" of most surfactants are fairly similar, consisting of a hydrocarbon chain,
which can be branch, linear, or
aromatic. Fluorosurfactants havefluorocarbon chains. Siloxane
surfactants have siloxane chains
• Many important surfactants include a polyether chain terminating in a highly
polar anionic group. The polyether groups often comprise ethoxylated
(polyethylene oxide-like) sequences inserted to increase the hydrophilic character
of a surfactant. Polypropylene oxides conversely, may be inserted to increase the
lipophilic character of a surfactant.
• Surfactant molecules have either one tail or two; those with two tails are said to
be double-chained.
• Surfactant classification according to the composition of their head: nonionic,
anionic, cationic, amphoteric.
• Most commonly, surfactants are classified according to polar head group. A non-
ionic surfactant has no charge groups in its head. The head of an ionic surfactant
carries a net charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically
called anionic; if the charge is positive, it is called cationic. If a surfactant contains
a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed zwitterionic. Commonly
encountered surfactants of each type include:

31. PROPERTIES
- Wetting
- Emulsification
- Dispersion / Solubilization
- Foaming / De-foaming
- Detergency
- Conditioning
- Substantivity
- Thickening
31

32. WETTING

33. EMULSIFICATION

34. EMULSIFICATION

35. Critical micelle
Concentration (CMC)

36. • When a surfactant is placed in water it forms micelles at concentrations above its
critical micelle concentration(CMC), they form aggregates known as micelles.
• In a micelle, the hydrophobic tails flock to the interior in order to minimize their
contact with water, and the hydrophilic heads remain on the outer surface in order
to maximize their contact with water .
CMC
36

37. • Critical micellar concentration is the concentration at which
the monomeric surfactant molecules associates into small
aggregates called micelles.
• Diluting the surfactant solution to below the cmc causes the
micelles to disperse or break up into single or nonassociated
surfactant molecules.
• Micelles are not static aggregates but dissociate, regroup and
reassociate rapidly.
• There is a dynamic equilibrium between single surfactant
molecules and micelles.
• The shape of micelles in dilute surfactant solutions
is approximately spherical.
CMC
37

38. •Solubilization can be defined as the spontaneous dissolving of a substance by
reversible interaction with the micelles of a surfactant in water to form a
thermodynamically stable isotropic solution with reduced thermodynamic activity
of the solubilized material.
•At surfactant concentrations above the cmc the solubility increases linearly with
the concentration of surfactant, indicating that solubilization is related to
micellization.
•The lower is the CMC value and higher the aggregation number , the more stable
are the micelles.
Micellar solubilization
38

39. THE HLB SYSTEM

40. WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “HLB”
• All surfactants must have an oil loving portion and a water
loving portion or they would not have surface activity
• The ratio of the oil loving portion to the water loving
portion is what we call its balance.
• We measure this balance based on molecular weight
• “HLB” stands for
-Hydrophile / Lipophile / Balance

41. HLB SCALE
• It was invented by William C . Griffin
• The “system” was created as a tool to make it easier to use
Non-anionic surfactants
• It was intended as a large scale road map to good
emulsification performance.
• This keeps HLB scale smaller and more manageable.
• The working scale is from 0.5 to 19.5
• This number is then assigned to the non-ionic surfactant.
41

42. 42
HLB Value
Significance
HLB Value 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Use
Water in oil
emulsifier
Oil in water Emulsifiers
Wetting Agents Detergents
Solubilizer

43. HLB SCALE
43
• 1 to 3.5: Antifoams
• 3.5 to 8: Water-in-Oil Emulsifiers
• 7 to 9: Wetting and spreading agents
• 8 to 16: Oil-in-Water Emulsifiers
• 13 to 16: Detergents
• 15 to 40: Solubilizers
 Spans are lipophilic and have low HLB values(1.8-8.6)
 Tweens are hydrophilic and have high HLB values(9.6-16.7)
 A HLB value of 1 indicates that the surfactant is soluble in oil,
 A HLB value of 20 implies that it is soluble in water.

44. HLB According to Griffin
(only for PEG types)
44

45. SDS-PAGE
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

46. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
• SDS is a common ingredient in detergents
• Other names for SDS include laurel sulfate and sodium
laurel sulfate
• As a detergent SDS destroys protein secondary, tertiary
and quaternary structure
• This makes proteins rod shaped
• SDS also sticks to proteins in a ratio of approximately 1.4 g
of SDS for each gram of protein
• Negative charge on the sulfate groups of SDS mask any
charge on the protein

47. Polar
Hydrophilic head
Non-polar
Hydrophobic tail
• Because it is amphipathic, SDS is a potent detergent
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-S-O-Na+
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
O
C12H25NaO4S
SDS-PAGE
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

48. SDS and Proteins
SDS
Protein

49. SDS and Proteins
In aqueous solutions, SDS polarizes releasing Na+ and
retaining a negative charge on the sulfate head
So much SDS binds to proteins that the negative charge
on the SDS drowns out any net charge on protein side
chains
In the presence of SDS all proteins have uniform shape
and charge per unit length
SDS nonpolar chains arrange themselves on proteins and
destroy secondary tertiary and quarternary structrure
Thus shape is no longer an issue as the protein SDS
complex becomes rod shaped

50. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT
BioSurfactant
Production and Applications

51. ‫بواسطة‬ ‫البترول‬ ‫ملوثات‬ ‫على‬ ‫القضاء‬‫البكتيريا‬
10‫فبراير‬2014
‫الدكتورة‬ ‫قدمت‬"‫الششتاوي‬ ‫صالح‬ ‫هدي‬"‫البترول‬ ‫ميكروبيولوجيا‬ ‫في‬ ‫الباحثه‬‫البتر‬ ‫بحوث‬ ‫بمعهد‬‫ورقة‬ ‫ول‬
‫علمية‬‫حول‬‫التر‬ ‫في‬ ‫الهيدروكربونية‬ ‫للملوثات‬ ‫الحيوي‬ ‫التحلل‬ ‫لتحسين‬ ‫النانويه‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫تطبيقات‬‫به‬
‫بواسطة‬‫انه‬‫لتصنيع‬ ‫السويس‬ ‫شركه‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالبترول‬ ‫ملوثه‬ ‫تربه‬ ‫من‬ ‫دقيقه‬ ‫حيه‬ ‫كائنات‬ ‫اربع‬ ‫عزل‬ ‫تم‬‫ل‬ ‫البترو‬
‫سالالت‬‫بكتيرية‬‫مختلفة‬‫ولفتت‬"‫الششتاوي‬"‫الح‬ ‫التحلل‬ ‫علي‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫قدره‬ ‫اختبار‬ ‫تم‬ ‫انه‬‫يوي‬
‫تت‬ ‫بنسبه‬ ‫الحيوي‬ ‫التكسير‬ ‫علي‬ ‫القدره‬ ‫لها‬ ‫الكائنات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ان‬ ‫مالحظه‬ ‫تم‬ ‫البترولية‬ ‫للهيدروكربونات‬‫بين‬ ‫رواح‬
75-90%‫فقط‬ ‫ايام‬ ‫سبع‬ ‫مده‬ ‫في‬.
‫مؤتمر‬ ‫خالل‬"‫البترول‬"‫عشر‬ ‫السابع‬

52. 1- Increase the availability of hydrophobic
compounds.
2- Nutrient storage molecules.
3- Save the microbial cells from toxic
substances.
4- Efflux of harmful compounds.
5- Extracellular and intracellular interactions
such as quorum sensing and biofilm.
Physiological roles of
biosurfactant

53. CLICK HERE FOR MORE INFO
Quorum Sensing (QS) system
Bio Surfactants (BS)
system
Water quality management
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

54. The quorum sensing (QS) system is a bacterial communication
system characterized by the secretion and detection of signal
molecules – autoinducers – within a bacterial population. When it
reaches a population “quorum”, in which the autoinducers
threshold is achieved, the bacterial population coordinates its
responses to environmental inputs. QS is a global regulatory
system found in most bacterial species, controlling several and
diverse biological functions, such as virulence, biofilm formation,
bioluminescence and bacterial conjugation (Williams, P, & Camara,
M 2009). The main components of a quorum sensing system are
the QS signal synthesis, the signal receptor (regulatory protein),
and the signal molecule (Williams, P 2007). The complex
autoinducer/regulatory protein modulates the activity of the QS-
regulated genes (Dekimpe, V, & Deziel, E 2009).
Quorum Sensing (QS) system

55. Biosurfactants are potentially replacements for synthetic surfactants in
several industrial processes, such as lubrication, wetting, softening, fixing
dyes, making emulsions, stabilizing dispersions, foaming, preventing foaming,
as well as in food, biomedical and pharmaceutical industry, and
bioremediation of organic- or inorganic-contaminated sites. Glycolipids and
lipopeptides are the most important biosurfactants (BS) for commercial
purpose (Table 1).
Application of bio-surfactants

56. Application of bio-surfactants

57. Martin’s Physical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Fifth edition
Essentials of Physical pharmacy by C.V.S.Subramanyam
www.google.com
R.S. Reis, G.J. Pacheco, A.G. Pereira and D.M.G. Freire
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/56144
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papers devoted to surfactants in microbiology and biotechnology. Biotechnology Advances.
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[2] Banat, I. M, Makkar, R. S, & Cameotra, S. S. Potential commercial applications of microbial
surfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. (2000). , 53(5), 495-508.
[3] Henkel, M, Müller, M. M, Kügler, J. H, Lovaglio, R. B, Contiero, J, Syldatk, C, et al.
Rhamnolipids as biosurfactants from renewable resources: Concepts for next-generation
rhamnolipid production. Process Biochemistry. (2012). , 47(8), 1207-19.
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59. Thank you for your attention