1. History of Photography
Module 1 Assignment 1
By: Seamus Mahoney

2. Camera Obscura 1660
Its a box similar to a room or small building with no windows,
but one tiny hole in one side. The smaller the pinhole the sharper
the image.
Projecting images from outside the room onto the far wall inside.
The light passes through the hole and strikes a surface where it is
reproduced, upside down, it then can be traced. It can project
onto paper or a screen.
Later in the 18th century mirrors were used to turn the image
right side up.
It is used in drawing and for entertainment, and was one of the
inventions that led to photography.
There was a lens available rather than a pinhole, used when a
lager image was needed
The first surviving mention of the principles behind the pinhole
camera, a precursor to the camera obscura, belongs to Mo-Ti
(470 BC to 390 BC), a Chinese philosopher and the founder of
Monism.

3. The Development of the Photograph
1700
Johann Heinrich Schulze or Schultz was a German professor at the University of Altdorf
In 1725 Johann discovered that certain silver salts mainly silver chloride and silver nitrate,
darken in a the presence of light; he would cover the bottle of his mixture with stencils so
the light would print letters onto it. He thought his experiment was unsuccessful but
became the foundation for future work in fixing images.
Johann would use this technique to capture temporary images.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 – 21 May 1786) was a German-Swedish
pharmaceutical chemist.
1777 Carl discovered that ammonia poured on silver chloride would leave an image intact.
Carl was noted to be the first to write about how the relationship of light and silver salts
Carl was called “hard-luck Scheele because he made a number of chemical discoveries
before but didn’t publish them therefore didn’t receive credit for them.

4. First Photograph 1816
Nicéphore Niépce was a French inventor, most noted as one of the inventors of
photography.
Niépce took what is believed to be the world’s first photogravure etching, in 1821 of an
engraving of Pope Pius VII, but the original was later destroyed when he attempted to
duplicate it.
The earliest surviving photogravure etchings by Niépce are of a 17th century engraving
of a man with a horse and of an engraving of a woman with a spinning wheel.
Niepce didn't have steady hands to trace the inverted images of the Camera Ocscura, so
he looked for ways to capture the image permanently.
Niepce experimented with silver chloride, which darkens when exposed to light. Then he
dissolved bitumen in to lavender oil and coated the sheet of pewter with this light
capturing mixture. He placed the sheet inside a camera obscura to capture the picture.
Eight hours later he washed it with lavender oil to remove the unexposed bitumen.This
process was called Heliographic. It was a successful process which is what we call
photography today.
In 1826 Niepce collaborated with Louis Dagueere and developed the physautotype, a
process that used lavender oil.
In 1833 Niepce developed a process called Daguerretype: the image is a direct positive
made in a camera on a silver copper plate. The raw material for the plate was called
Sheffield plate, plating by fusion or cold-rolled cladding; heating and rolling silver foil in
contact with a copper support. Its like a mirror, the image made directly on the silvered
surface; depending on the angle viewed and the color of the surface reflected into it, the
image can change from positive to a negative.

5. Daguerre Process 1836
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre was French artist and physicist , recognized
for his invention of the daguerreotype, a process of photography.
A process called “Daguerre” was taking place at the same time.The inventor
was William Fox Talbot, the Daguerre was a five step process.
In 1822 Nicephore Niepce produced the world's first heilographic picture and
four years later the first permanent camera. Daguerre partnered with Niépce in
1829, beginning a four-year cooperation.
Niépce died suddenly in 1833. Daguerre continued experimenting and evolved
the process which would subsequently be known as the Daguerreotype.

6. Calotype Process 1840
William Henry Fox Talbot (11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was a
British inventor and a pioneer of photography
In 1841, Talbot announced his discovery of the calotype process:
Exposure to light, silver iodide decomposes to silver leaving iodine as a free element.
Excess silver iodide is washed away after oxidizing the pure silver with an application of Gallo-nitrate.
As silver oxide is black, the resulting image is visible.
He was the inventor of Calotype process, the process which made a big difference in
the development of what photography was in the 19th and 20th century
Talbot's original contributions included the concept of a negative from which
many positive prints can be made and the use of gallic acid for developing the
latent images.

7. Wet Plate Negatives 1851
In 1851, the Englishman Frederick Scott Archer discovered that collodion could
be used as an alternative to egg white (albumen) on glass plates. The process
called Collodion.
This became known as the 'wet plate collodion' or 'wet collodion' method.
Collodion was also grainless and colorless, and allowed for one of the first high
quality duplication processes, also known as negatives. It also reduced the
exposure times as well.
The process required great skill and included the following steps:
• Clean the glass plate
• In the light, pour "salted" collodion onto the glass plate, tilting it so it
reaches each corner. The excess is poured back into the bottle.
• Take the plate into a darkroom or orange tent and immerse the plate in a
silver nitrate bath (for 3–5 minutes)
• Lift the plate out of the bath, drain and wipe the back and load it into a
dark slide or plate holder
• Load the plate holder into the camera, withdraw the dark slide and expose
the plate
• Develop the plate
• Fix the plate

8. Battlefield Photography 1855
In 1855 Fenton went to the Crimean War on assignment for the
publisher Thomas Agnew to photograph the troops.
Fenton established a photographic Society in 1853. It later
became the Royal Photographic Society published call for the
setting up of a photographic society was answered with its
establishment in 1853.
Fenton managed to make over 350 usable large format
negatives. An exhibition of 312 prints was soon on show in
London.

9. American Civil War 1861
Matthew B. Brady was one of the most celebrated 19th century American
Photographers, best known for his portraits of celebrities and his documentation
of the American Civil War.
He is credited with being the father of photojournalism.
His first popular photographs of the conflict were at the First Battle of Bull Run,
here he got so close to the action that he barely avoided capture.
In October 1862 Brady opened an exhibition of photographs from The Battle
Antietam in his New York gallery titled "The Dead of Antietam."
This was the first time that many Americans saw the realities of war in
photographs as distinct from previous "artists' impressions".
During the war, Brady spent over $100,000 to create over 10,000 plates.

10. First Colour Image 1871
Maxwell known for presenting the first durable color photograph in 1861 and
for his foundational work on the rigidity of rod-and-joint frameworks like
those in many bridges.
Maxwell contributed to the field of optics and the study of colour vision,
creating the foundation for practical colour photography.
During an 1861 Royal Institution lecture on colour theory, Maxwell presented
the world's first demonstration of colour photography by this principle of
three-colour analysis and synthesis, the basis of nearly all subsequent
photochemical and electronic methods of colour photography.

11. Dry Plate /Film 1888
Richard Leach Maddox (August 4, 1816 - May 11, 1902) was an English
Photographer who invented lightweight gelatin negative plates for
photography in 1871.
Initially Maddox tried other bases. He combined silver bromide with
"vegetable gummy matters" (lichen, linseed, quince), and "starchy
substances" (rice, tapioca, sago). Finally he tried gelatine from a packet of
Nelson’s Gelatine Graduals.
Maddox prepared a number of plates, exposing by contact-printing them from
other negatives, and putting each through a different exposure trial.
The resulting prints were very delicate in detail, of a colour varying between a
bistre and olive tint, and after washing dried to a brilliant surface.
The advantages of the dry plate were obvious: photographers could use
commercial dry plates off the shelf instead of having to prepare their own
emulsions in a mobile darkroom.
Negatives did not have to be developed immediately.

12. Kodak 1888
Eastman Kodak Company, known as Kodak: photographic
equipment, materials and services.
1888: The first model of the Kodak camera appeared. It took round
pictures 6.4 cm (2.5 inches) in diameter, was of the fixed focus type, and
carried a roll of film enough for 100 exposures.
1889: the first photographic camera was introduced.
Kodak is best known for its wide range of photographic film products.
During most of the 20th century Kodak held a dominant position in
photographic film, and in 1976 had a 90% market share of photographic
film sales in the United States.
He coined the advertising slogan, "You press the button, we do the rest."

13. 35mm Format 1929
35 mm film was first introduced for Edison's Kinetograph film but was not of
sufficient quality for still film until the early 1900s.
It was not until the 1930's that this smaller film size started to become a
popular and it was from this time that 35mm cameras began to dominate the
market.
In 1934 Kodak produced its first 35 mm camera, the 'Retina'.
The Leica 35mm camera made of metal with black leather covering. The base
plate with locking mechanism slides off to reveal the film chamber. Shutter
speed and film speed dial at back. View finder missing, two mounts at top of
camera. The lens is collapsible. Metal lens cap fits over front of lens. The case
is made of brown leather and has a strap.

14. Flash Bulb 1931
In the 1890s, Louis Boutan – a French zoologist and a pioneer underwater photographer
– used a cumbersome magnesium lamp. Powdered magnesium, sealed in a glass jar
fixed to a lead-weighted barrel to supply oxygen during burning, was ignited by means
of an alcohol lamp.
In 1925 Paul Vierkötter used the same principle, when he ignited magnesium
electronically in a glass globe. In 1929 the Vacublitz, the first true flashbulb made from
aluminum foil sealed in oxygen, was produced in Germany by the Hauser Company
using Johannes B. Ostermeier’s patents.
It was quickly followed by the Sashalite from the General Electric Company in the
USA.
The flash bulb was an oxygen-filled bulb in which aluminum foil was burned, with
ignition being accomplished by a battery. The light of the bulb, although powerful, was
soft and diffused, therefore less dangerous to the eyes than flash powder.
Flashbulbs were a big step forward. They weighed little, were easily fired electrically
and were extremely powerful and, therefore, convenient. Another important aspect of
the technique was that it was extremely safe, especially compared to the widely used
before flash powder.
There were also several versions of the flashbulbs released to the consumer that fitted
everyone from professional to amateur photographers. The purpose was mainly to make
the use of the flash more convenient for a novice or an amateur user.

15. Electronic
Flash 1935
It was in 1931 when Harold Edgerton – a professor of
electrical engineering – produced the first electronic
flash tube. One of the most important advantages
compared to the flash bulbs was that the electronic flash
intensity could be controlled and adjusted.
Another great advantage, of course, was the
rechargeable aspect of the electronic flash. Flash bulbs,
despite being extremely useful, were very expensive
and could only be obtained by professional
photographers. Electronic flash used batteries of some
sort, so it was possible to recharge the system.
Today’s flash units are electronic flash tubes. An
electronic flash contains a tube filled with xenon gas,
where electricity of high voltage is discharged to
generate an electrical arc that creates a short flash of
light.

16. Colour Slide
1948
In 1935 Kodak introduced the first modern integral tripack color
film called Kodachrome. It was developed by Leopoid Mannes and
Leopoid Godowsky, nicknamed Man and God
Koda chrome has three layers of emulsion coated on a single base,
each layer recording one of the three additives primary colors:
Red, Green and Blue.
In 1941, Kodak made it possible to order prints from Kodachrome
slides. The print "paper" was actually a white plastic coated with a
multilayer emulsion similar to that on the film. These were the first
commercially available color prints created by the chromogenic dye
coupler method. In the following year, Kodacolor film was
introduced. Unlike Kodachrome, it was designed to be processed
into a negative image which showed not only light and dark
reversed but also complementary colors. The use of such a negative
for making prints on paper simplified the processing of the prints,
reducing their cost.

17. Digital Imaging Processor
1987
Digital Image Processing was first developed in the 60’s by Jet
Propulsion Labs.
It is used in computers as a step by step process using
calculations to perform image processing on digital images.
The process can create a multidimensional model. It allows
the use of complexed calculations for
image processing creating more sophisticated performances
with simple tasks and applications
The use of digital Imaging Process in the medical field; for X-
rays, to create a more efficient, less radiation, cheaper results

18. Digital Photography: Present
Digital photography is a form of photography that uses an array of light
sensitive sensors to capture the image focused by the lens, as opposed to an
exposure on light sensitive film. The captured image is then stored as a digital
file ready for digital processing (colour correction, sizing, cropping, etc.),
viewing or printing
The first attempt at creating the digital camera was Steven Sasson in 1975, it
weighed 8 pounds and took 23 seconds to capture an image.
How is works:
In digital photography, the photographic film is replaced by a silicon chip
which is often called a sensor. While the film is limited in the sense that every
exposure results in a photograph and each barrel of film can only produce 36
images; the silicon chip sensor can be used again and again — thereby giving
you the ability to experiment with your photos in a way which was never
possible with the film camera.So now most of the processing is electronic in the
form of 0s and 1s as opposed to the mechanical and chemical operation in the
traditional cameras. The cameras that operate based on this principle are known
as digital cameras and the art of making digital images is called digital
photography.

19. Polaroid 1985
The instant camera is a type of camera that generates a developed film image.
The most popular types to use self developing film were formerly made by the
Polaroid Corporation.
The earliest instant camera with a single department was invented by Samuel
Sheafrock in 1923
The later instant camera was developed by Edwin Land in 1948
The film used pre-1963 was the instant roll film; you peel the positive from the
negative at the end of the development process

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