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Dr. Mehwish Qayyum
Pharm.d
Ms.Drug design and discovery (University of Surrey)
Senior lecturer

MAGMAS AND GELS
Gels

 Are semisolid systems consisting of either
  suspensions made up of small inorganic
  particles or large organic molecules in a liquid
  vehicle rendered jelly like by the addition of a
  GELLING AGENT.
 Sometimes called JELLIES
 High degree of physical/chemical cross
  linking may be involved
                    interlacing/ internal friction

 Resulting into high viscosity


 Responsible for semi-solid state
Terminologies related to gel
 Imbibition:
 Taking up of a certain amount of liquid without a
    measureable increase in volume
   Swelling:
   Taking up of a liquid by gel with an increase in volume
   Syneresis
   Form of instability in which separation of solvent phase
    occurs coz of elastic contraction of polymeric molecules
   Thixotropy
   A phenomenon in which if gel is agitated it may become
    fluid and remain in solid state only after remaining
    undisturbed for a period of time i.e sol     gel transfer
 Examples of Gelling Agents
 1. Carbomers 910; 934; 934P; 940;
     941;1342
 2. Carboxymethylcellulose; natural gums
    *0.5 to 2.0% concentration in water
Classes of Gel

   2 phase systems - separation between the insoluble matter and liquid
    vehicle is observed. This type contains inorganic materials also small
    particles distribute them in liquid in the form of
    floccules(inorganic)(magma)
    Example: Al(OH)3 Gel
   Single phase gel - consist of organic macromolecules uniformly
    distributed throughout the liquid where no apparent boundary is
    seen(organic)
    Example: Na CMC and Tragacanth Gel(twisted mated strands wound
    together by stronger vander waals forces to form crystalline and
    amorphous regions)
   Continuous phase - commonly aqueous where alcohol and gels may be
    use as continuous phase (organogels)
    Example: Mineral oil + polyethylene resin = oleaginous ointment base
   Hydrogels
   Include ing that are dispersible as colloidals they include organic
    hydrogels natural and synthetic gums e.g silica and methyle cellulose
Types of Gel

   Type 1-Heterogels
   Irreversible system
   3-dim structure
   Held by covalent bonds
   Show synerisis
   Type 2-Commonly used gels
   Heat reversible
   Held by h-bonds
   Gelling is influenced by pH additives
   Show synerisis
 Characteristics of Gels
 Gels may be thicken on standing, forming a
  THIXOTROPE, and must be shaken before use
  to liquefy the gel and enable pouring –
  Aluminum Hydroxide Gel
 Because of high degree of attraction between
  the dispersed phase and water medium, the gels
  remain fairly uniform upon standing and does
  not readily settle
Preparation of gels and
magmas:
      Prpeared by freshly          Desired gelatinous ppt
  precipitating the dispersed     results when solutions of
  phase in order to achieve a     inorganic agents react to
 fine degree of subdivision of   form an insoluble chemical
 the particles and gelatinous    having a high attraction for
  character to those particles             water.




    As the microcrystalline
 particles of ppt develop they
   strongly attract water to
  yield gelatinous particles
       which for gel ppt
Preparation of gels and
magmas

                                                                     Coz of high degree of attraction
 Other magma and gels may be        In addition to water vehicle
                                                                      b/w disperse phase and the aq
  prepared by +ion in water of    other agents such as propylene
                                                                      medium in both magmas and
inorganic chemical and hydrated   glycol, hydroxy propyl cellulose
                                                                       gels these prep remain fairly
 form constitutes the dispersed   etc may be used tto enhance gel
                                                                      uniform on standing with little
      phase of dispersion                    formation
                                                                        settling of disperse phase




On long standind synerisis may      Label should have statement
 be seen but on little shaking     shake well before use freezing
 uniformity is re established             must be avoided
 Preparation of Gels
1. By freshly precipitating the disperse phase upon
    reacting an inorganic agents, a gelatinous
    precipitate results
      Example: Preparation of Al(OH)3 gel is by
    reacting Al(Cl)3 + Na2CO3
    NaHCO3
 Preparation of Gels
2. By direct hydrating the inorganic material in
    water
           Al2O3 + H2O        Al(OH)3
 Examples: Aluminum Hydroxide Gel; Alugel;
    Amphogel; Ce-lu-gel; Cremalin; Hydroxal;
    Vanogel; Aluminum Phosphate Gel
    (Phosphagel) - Antacid
Polyvinyl alcohols are used for gel preparation
  in skin formulations when they are applied
  these alcohol evaporate leaving a thin layer
  on skin
Examples of Gel

 Clobetasol propionate- Termovate Gel
  Dermatologic: Antipruritic
Example of Gel

 Acetic acid- Aci-jel
  Vaginal: Restoration and maintenance of
  acidity
Example of Gel

 Progesterone- Crinone Gel
  Vaginal: Bioadhesive gel; Progesterone
  supplement and replacement
Uses of gel

 Lubricant for catheters
 Bases for patch testing
 NaCl gel for electrocardiography
 Floucinonide Gel for anti- inflammatory
  corticosteriod
 Na Fluoride & Phosphoric acid gel – dental
  care prophylactic
 Tretionoin Gel for treatment of acne
 Prostaglandin Gel – intravaginal
 Gels and Magmas
    Are considered colloidal dispersion since they
     contain particles of colloidal dimensions
 APPROPRIATE NAMES (COLLOIDAL DISPERSION)
 SOLS – term to designate a dispersion of solid in
  either a liquid, solid or gas dispersion medium
    A. Prefix HYDRO – water as dispersion medium
        so called HYDROSOL
    B. Prefix ALCO – alcohol as the dispersion
        medium so called ALCOSOL
    C. AEROSOL – dispersion of solid or liquid in
            gaseous phase
Examples Of Topical Gels
   1. Erythromycin and benzoyl peroxide topical
       gel - Benzamycin
   2. Clindamycin Topical gel - Cleocin T Topical
       Gel
   3. Benzoyl Peroxide Gel - Desquam-X 10 Gel -
       acne vulgaris
   4. Hydroquinone Gel - Solaquin Forte Gel -
       bleach for hyperpigmented skin
   5. Salicylic Acid Gel - Compound W Gel -
       keratolytic
   6. Desoximetasone Gel - Topicort - anti-
       Inflammatory, antipruritic agent
 Examples of Topical Gel
 Active Ingredient            Proprietary       Gelling agent      Route and Use
1. Acetic acid      Aci-jel        Tragacanth, acacia Vaginal: restoration and
                                                maintenance of acidity
2. Becaplermin     Regranex Gel          Na CMC      Dermatologic
3. Benzoly peroxide Desquam-X Gel        Carbomer 940 Acne vulgaris
4. Clindamycin     Cleocin T Gel       Carbomer 934P Acne vulgaris
5. Clobetasol      Termovate Gel        Carbomer 934 Antipruritic
6. Cyanocobalamin Nascobal              Methylcellulose Nasal: hematologic
7. Desoximetasone Topicort Gel          Carbomer 940 Anti-inflammatory;
                                                                  antipruritic
8. Metronidazole      Metro-Gel          Carbomer 934P Vaginal-bacterial
9. Progesteron       Crinone Gel        Carbomer 934P Progesterone
   supplement
10. Tretinoin       Retin –A           Hydroxypropyl Acne vulgaris
   cellulose
 TRANSDERMAL PREPARATIONS
 Ointments, creams, gels designed to deliver a drug
    systematically by addition of PENETRATION
    ENHANCERS to the topical vehicle

 Examples of Penetration Enhancers
       Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, propylene
    glycol, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, urea, dimethyl
    acetamide, sodium lauryl
    sulfate, poloxamers, Spans, Tweens, lecithin, and
    terpenes
       Example: PLURONIC lecithin organogel (PLO) –
    Pluronic (Poloxamer) F127 gel (usually 20% to 30%
    concentration)
Magmas and gel

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Magmas and gel

  • 1. Dr. Mehwish Qayyum Pharm.d Ms.Drug design and discovery (University of Surrey) Senior lecturer MAGMAS AND GELS
  • 2. Gels  Are semisolid systems consisting of either suspensions made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules in a liquid vehicle rendered jelly like by the addition of a GELLING AGENT.  Sometimes called JELLIES
  • 3.  High degree of physical/chemical cross linking may be involved  interlacing/ internal friction  Resulting into high viscosity  Responsible for semi-solid state
  • 4. Terminologies related to gel  Imbibition:  Taking up of a certain amount of liquid without a measureable increase in volume  Swelling:  Taking up of a liquid by gel with an increase in volume  Syneresis  Form of instability in which separation of solvent phase occurs coz of elastic contraction of polymeric molecules  Thixotropy  A phenomenon in which if gel is agitated it may become fluid and remain in solid state only after remaining undisturbed for a period of time i.e sol gel transfer
  • 5.  Examples of Gelling Agents  1. Carbomers 910; 934; 934P; 940; 941;1342  2. Carboxymethylcellulose; natural gums  *0.5 to 2.0% concentration in water
  • 6. Classes of Gel  2 phase systems - separation between the insoluble matter and liquid vehicle is observed. This type contains inorganic materials also small particles distribute them in liquid in the form of floccules(inorganic)(magma) Example: Al(OH)3 Gel  Single phase gel - consist of organic macromolecules uniformly distributed throughout the liquid where no apparent boundary is seen(organic) Example: Na CMC and Tragacanth Gel(twisted mated strands wound together by stronger vander waals forces to form crystalline and amorphous regions)  Continuous phase - commonly aqueous where alcohol and gels may be use as continuous phase (organogels) Example: Mineral oil + polyethylene resin = oleaginous ointment base  Hydrogels  Include ing that are dispersible as colloidals they include organic hydrogels natural and synthetic gums e.g silica and methyle cellulose
  • 7. Types of Gel  Type 1-Heterogels  Irreversible system  3-dim structure  Held by covalent bonds  Show synerisis  Type 2-Commonly used gels  Heat reversible  Held by h-bonds  Gelling is influenced by pH additives  Show synerisis
  • 8.  Characteristics of Gels  Gels may be thicken on standing, forming a THIXOTROPE, and must be shaken before use to liquefy the gel and enable pouring – Aluminum Hydroxide Gel  Because of high degree of attraction between the dispersed phase and water medium, the gels remain fairly uniform upon standing and does not readily settle
  • 9. Preparation of gels and magmas: Prpeared by freshly Desired gelatinous ppt precipitating the dispersed results when solutions of phase in order to achieve a inorganic agents react to fine degree of subdivision of form an insoluble chemical the particles and gelatinous having a high attraction for character to those particles water. As the microcrystalline particles of ppt develop they strongly attract water to yield gelatinous particles which for gel ppt
  • 10. Preparation of gels and magmas Coz of high degree of attraction Other magma and gels may be In addition to water vehicle b/w disperse phase and the aq prepared by +ion in water of other agents such as propylene medium in both magmas and inorganic chemical and hydrated glycol, hydroxy propyl cellulose gels these prep remain fairly form constitutes the dispersed etc may be used tto enhance gel uniform on standing with little phase of dispersion formation settling of disperse phase On long standind synerisis may Label should have statement be seen but on little shaking shake well before use freezing uniformity is re established must be avoided
  • 11.  Preparation of Gels 1. By freshly precipitating the disperse phase upon reacting an inorganic agents, a gelatinous precipitate results  Example: Preparation of Al(OH)3 gel is by reacting Al(Cl)3 + Na2CO3 NaHCO3
  • 12.  Preparation of Gels 2. By direct hydrating the inorganic material in water  Al2O3 + H2O Al(OH)3  Examples: Aluminum Hydroxide Gel; Alugel; Amphogel; Ce-lu-gel; Cremalin; Hydroxal; Vanogel; Aluminum Phosphate Gel (Phosphagel) - Antacid
  • 13. Polyvinyl alcohols are used for gel preparation in skin formulations when they are applied these alcohol evaporate leaving a thin layer on skin
  • 14. Examples of Gel  Clobetasol propionate- Termovate Gel Dermatologic: Antipruritic
  • 15. Example of Gel  Acetic acid- Aci-jel Vaginal: Restoration and maintenance of acidity
  • 16. Example of Gel  Progesterone- Crinone Gel Vaginal: Bioadhesive gel; Progesterone supplement and replacement
  • 17. Uses of gel  Lubricant for catheters  Bases for patch testing  NaCl gel for electrocardiography  Floucinonide Gel for anti- inflammatory corticosteriod  Na Fluoride & Phosphoric acid gel – dental care prophylactic  Tretionoin Gel for treatment of acne  Prostaglandin Gel – intravaginal
  • 18.  Gels and Magmas  Are considered colloidal dispersion since they contain particles of colloidal dimensions  APPROPRIATE NAMES (COLLOIDAL DISPERSION)  SOLS – term to designate a dispersion of solid in either a liquid, solid or gas dispersion medium  A. Prefix HYDRO – water as dispersion medium so called HYDROSOL  B. Prefix ALCO – alcohol as the dispersion medium so called ALCOSOL  C. AEROSOL – dispersion of solid or liquid in gaseous phase
  • 19. Examples Of Topical Gels  1. Erythromycin and benzoyl peroxide topical gel - Benzamycin  2. Clindamycin Topical gel - Cleocin T Topical Gel  3. Benzoyl Peroxide Gel - Desquam-X 10 Gel - acne vulgaris  4. Hydroquinone Gel - Solaquin Forte Gel - bleach for hyperpigmented skin  5. Salicylic Acid Gel - Compound W Gel - keratolytic  6. Desoximetasone Gel - Topicort - anti- Inflammatory, antipruritic agent
  • 20.  Examples of Topical Gel  Active Ingredient Proprietary Gelling agent Route and Use 1. Acetic acid Aci-jel Tragacanth, acacia Vaginal: restoration and maintenance of acidity 2. Becaplermin Regranex Gel Na CMC Dermatologic 3. Benzoly peroxide Desquam-X Gel Carbomer 940 Acne vulgaris 4. Clindamycin Cleocin T Gel Carbomer 934P Acne vulgaris 5. Clobetasol Termovate Gel Carbomer 934 Antipruritic 6. Cyanocobalamin Nascobal Methylcellulose Nasal: hematologic 7. Desoximetasone Topicort Gel Carbomer 940 Anti-inflammatory; antipruritic 8. Metronidazole Metro-Gel Carbomer 934P Vaginal-bacterial 9. Progesteron Crinone Gel Carbomer 934P Progesterone supplement 10. Tretinoin Retin –A Hydroxypropyl Acne vulgaris cellulose
  • 21.  TRANSDERMAL PREPARATIONS  Ointments, creams, gels designed to deliver a drug systematically by addition of PENETRATION ENHANCERS to the topical vehicle  Examples of Penetration Enhancers  Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, polyethylene glycol, urea, dimethyl acetamide, sodium lauryl sulfate, poloxamers, Spans, Tweens, lecithin, and terpenes  Example: PLURONIC lecithin organogel (PLO) – Pluronic (Poloxamer) F127 gel (usually 20% to 30% concentration)