11. Second major school of psych:
Behaviorism-the study of behavior that
can be measured and verified.
Rejected the study of mental processes
12. Modern definition of psychology:
The
science of behavior and mental
processes.
13. Other major perspectives in psychology:
1) Biological: the physical origins of
human and animal behavior, the
study of the nervous system, the brain.
14. 2)Humanistic: how people grow
psychologically
the influence of interpersonal
relationships,
the importance of self-direction in
trying to reach one’s potential
15. 3) Positive psychology: focus on positive
emotions and psychological
states, instead of the traditional focus
on problems and disorders.
16. 4) Cognitive: how people develop
language, solve problems, and think
17. 5) Cross-cultural: the influence of culture
on behavior and mental processes.
Some of your “personal” traits might be
cultural traits instead!
18. 6) Evolutionary: based on the principle
of natural selection (survival of the
fittest).
Behavior is subject to natural selection.
19.
20. Dr. Bishop’s definition of critical thinking:
Be open to the possibility that what you
believe or what someone else believes
is CRAP.
21. Be aware of what you bring to the table,
we all have biases and “weak spots”
23. Is there another explanation that makes
more sense for a research finding or
some other phenomena?
24. Steps in the scientific method:
1) Start with a testable hypothesis, a
tentative statement that describes the
relationship between two or more
variables.
25. 2) Design the study and collect the data
Two basic categories of research
methods:
a) Descriptive methods-observing and
describing
31. Hypothesis: Drug X causes memory loss
in some people.
Independent variable (IV): what gets
manipulated
Dependent variable (DV): what gets
measured
32. Control group: Subjects who go
through the experiment but are not
exposed to the actual variable of
interest.
33. Random assignment: you can’t control
for everything!
All subjects have an equal chance of
being in the experimental group or the
control group.
Helps to even out “outliers”
36. No experiment, can only look at pre-
existing smokers
No random assignment!
Surveys, hospital records, gov’t records,
etc.
37. Correlational study: very common in
psychology
We have to study pre-existing groups
How strongly two variables are related
38. Positivecorrelation: two factors
increase or decrease together
Ex: Anger and heart rate, loneliness
and depression
Negative correlation: two factors move
in opposite directions
Ex: alcohol use and grade point avg.