1. WORDS: NATIVE AND
BORROWED

2. Old English And before
 The language changes through
time specially : Meaning and
Vocabulary.
This determiner which words a culture keep as
their own heritage and which words it borrows
from others.

3.  The origin of words:
How and where the first words came from it has
been always a question .
Socrates and Hermogenes’s debate :
“Whether words
related naturally to
things they named”

4. 1.The shape or sound of a word has no natural
relationship to the thing it names.
Phonetic imitation.
Phonetic symbolism.
2. The grunts and groans of work, cries of joy
and sorrow, sounds made by the tongue
imitating the shape of an object.

5.  The oldest words in English.
The oldest
data are the
words found in
written texts
and carved
monuments.
However, why have we lost some and
retained others?

6. The most distant origins: Indo-
European.
 If we can figure out about an old culture, how
about get to know the words that they were
able to pass on ?
Daily life
Objects Actions
This concepts are so independent of particular
cultures, that we will found this words passes on
from generation to generation, for centuries, but
at the end is the “same” word.

7. 1.We can find words from several languages, but
refer to the same concept.
Example: Aliminum
2. Words can resemble one another from
language to language, because they have been
borrowed from some common source.

8.  Once we establish the principle that similar words
with similar meanings, may be descended from
some common but nor lost ancestor form, it
becomes possible to reconstruct some of those
earlier ancestral words.
Sanskrit Greek Latin Gothic English
Pita Pater Pater Fadar Father
Each letter in the root is a symbol, derived from the
phonological sounds of cognate words found in
descendant languages.

9.  Indo- European: It was once a dialect or
collection of dialects of some even more
distant progenitor.
Sometimes, we can get words (OE) , from
geographical features, or its location or
sociological data that will allow guess about the
general area of the original Indo-European
homeland.

10.  Indo-European > West European
It has been thought that IE first split into Eastern
and western branches, because of the
widespread correspondences of one particular
sound change east and west of a line.
East: The original “K”.
Then split into Balto- Slavic Indo-Iranian.
The western branches split into :
Hellenic Italic Germanic

11.  Indo-European >Western European>
Germanic>West Germanic.
Here we found Scandinavian inscriptions and a translation
of parts of the bible into Gothic.
Germanic is divided into tree branches on the basis of
certain phonological and grammatical changes that
occurred before about A.D 600.
(1)East Germanic, (2) North Germanic and (3) West
Germanic.
Cognates: Broth, brew, dough, loaf, wheat, silver, ware etc.

12.  Nonetheless according with the cultural
reconstruction about the language, you are
able to find in some cases one word only as
Germanic, or on the contrary words which
have the same spelling but with different
meaning.
 Other issue, is that the historical establish
linguistics relationship as well. Between
Western and Eastern languages. (Celtic-
Germanic- Balto Slavic- Italic,etc)

13. As we know from the commom
vocabulary, archeological remains.
 1. Roman Invasion
Their common vocabulary included, many words
referring to advanced
agriculture, farming, besides also added some
latin words.
Example: campun-camp(field-battle)
tributum-trifet (tribute).

14. Anglo- Saxon Britain: The
beginnings
After the Anglo-Saxon invasion.
The dialect areas that existed in
Anglo-Saxon England reflected
a rather social changes .
Here is a list of some of the Celtic
words borrowed into English.
Ex: Bratt(cloak), Bannuc (piece of
cake), gafeluc(small spear)

15. The rise of Anglo-Saxon
England.
 The heptarchy: The original tribes had
organized themselves into seven
kingdoms, (Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Mer
cia, Northhumbria and East Anglia).
 During the VII and VIII centuries, cultural and
political supremacy passed from Kent until
Wessex, where under Alfred. We have few
texts from the Norman invasion.
Ex: law- charters- little verse and few translation.

16.  The Christian Conversion and a National
Character.
The conversion of England to Christianity re-
introduced Latin and created monastic environments
in which learning and scholarship were richly that
Europe was soon sending its students to the cities.
During this period poetry flowered (Beowulf).
The marriage of religious laws and secular
enforcement created a governing institution of great
power.
The organization of townships.

17.  Latin words borrowed to Germanic.
Plants and animals: 30%
Food, households items: 27%
Buildings: 12%
Dress: 12%
Trade, commerce: 9%.
About 170 words were borrowed during this pre-
OE period.

18.  The Danish Invasions.
At this time King Alfred defeated the Danes.
Consequently in the Treaty of Wedmore, the
Danes agreed to remain east of a line an area
called Danelaw.
Danish words borrowed into English.
Ex: In the Oxford dictionary there are almost 30
or so words beginning with sk-/sc-of.
Everyday words: egg-fellow-freckle-kneel-kis-led-
call-loose-odd-lift etc.

19.  The rise of London.
It was during Roman times that London began to
develop into the first city of the country.
Before the end of the
The spots on which
eleventh century.
London sits, it was a
London had become the
suitable landing place
most important
for ships
commercial city
When William the
Conqueror built a
London’s political ad
residence, he made a few
cultural strength
miles encompassing
resulted in its dialect
Westminster and London
becoming the prestige
the political, commercial
dialect of the land
and cultural center of the
land.