USEFUL FOR EVERYONE WITH RECENT TRENDS OF DEMOGRAPHY OF INDIA

2. DEMOGRAPHY
Presented by
MAMATHA V
LECTURER
RRCON
BANGALORE

9. SCOPE
Those who want to enlarge the scope
can be called the Macro demographic
group and those who maintain narrow
view can be put in the micro demography
group.

10. According to the narrow view we study
demography as small units like individual,
family, group etc In fact these units constitute
the primary elements of macro analysis. For
instance if we study the fertility rate of
women
BALANCED VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY
These schools of thought have presented a
balanced view of the nature and scope of
demography.

11. According to Whipple the subject matter of
demography comprises of:
(I) Geneology, Ancestory and their records
(2) Human Eugenics.
(3) Registration of vital events
(4) Census of Population
(5) Biometrics dealing with the study of
structure, growth and strength of human
body
(6) Path metrics dealing with the knowledge.
of disease and anatomy

12. In short, in the subject matter of Demography
we study the following:
Size:
The number of people living in a given
place at a given time, its comparison with
previous period and the future projection are
important elements of size of population.
Composition of Population:
Composition of population covers alt the
measurable characteristics of the people who
form a given population. The most widely
used characteristics are age and sex.

13.  Distribution of Population:
Under it we study how are people distributed in the world in the
categories labeled advanced urban industrial regions. The changes
taking place in the numbers and proportions in different categories
and their -causes are also important.
 Labor Force:
Labor force constitutes an important field of economic study.
Labor force falls into two classes, viz., economically active labor
force and economically dependent or inactive labor force.

14.  Population Policy:
The need of proper population policy has come to
occupy an indispensable adjunct of population of planning.
Population policy study embrace, Items like the
philosophy and guiding principles of population policy, the
magnitudes of the prob1em, organizational structure of
policy frame, services and supplies, education and
motivation family planning targets, family planning
progress and achievement family planning expenditure,
births averted and effect on birth rate, etc

15. SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHY

16. Collection of demographic data can be
broadly categorized into two methods:
DIRECT AND INDIRECT:
Direct demographic data collection is
the process of collecting data straight from
statistics registries which are responsible for
tracking all birth and death records and also
records pertaining to marital status and
migration. Perhaps the most common and
popular methods of direct collection of
demographic data is the census.

17. The indirect method of demographic data collection may
involve only certain people or informants in trying to get data for the
entire population. For instance, one of the indirect demographic
data methods is the sister method. In this method, a researchers only
asks all the women on the number of their sisters who have died or
have had children who have died at what age they died. From the
collected data, the researchers will draw their analysis and
conclusions based on indirect estimates on birth and death rates and
then apply some mathematical formula.

18. The important sources of vital statistics in India
are:
1. Population Census
2. Civil Registration System
3. Demographic Sample Surveys such as those
conducted by the National Sample Surveys
Organization(NSSO)
4. Sample Registration System (SRS)
5. Health Surveys, such as National Family Health
Surveys, (NFHS)
6. District Level Household Surveys (DLHS‐RCH )
conducted for assessing progress under the
Reproductive and Child Health Programme..

19. (A ) CENSUS
It is compiling, evaluating, analysing and
publishing demographic, economic and
social data pertaining, at a specific time, to
all persons in a country or in a well-
delimited part of a country.” In other
words, the enumeration of the entire
population of a country or a region at a
particular time is known as census.

21. HOW A NATIONAL CENSUS IS TAKEN:
Census taking is a very complex and extensive
task and is, therefore, usually conducted by
governments. In many countries, provision for
census taking is made by law. While such a law
makes the co-operation of each citizen
mandatory, it also ensure that confidential
nature of census information provided by
individuals shall be preserved

22. Taking into consideration the magnitude of the
task, the entire administrative machinery of the
State and local self-government is placed at the
disposal of the Director of Census Operations.
In rural areas, primary school teachers, village
“patvaris” and other staff in local offices are
generally appointed as census enumerators.
The enumerator is the basic and the most
important link in census operations. He has to
visit every household within the area assigned
to him and collect the required information.

23. Sr. No. State Population Growth Rate Area Sq.km Density/Sq.km Sex Ratio Literacy
- India 1,210,193,422 17.64 3287240 382 940 74.04
1 Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 20.09 240928 828 908 69.72
2 Maharashtra 112,372,972 15.99 307713 365 946 82.91
3 Bihar 103,804,637 25.07 94163 1102 916 63.82
4 West Bengal 91,347,736 13.93 88752 1029 947 77.08
5
Andhra
Pradesh
84,665,533 11.10 275045 308 992 67.66
6
Madhya
Pradesh
72,597,565 20.30 308245 236 930 70.63
7 Tamil Nadu 72,138,958 15.60 130058 555 995 80.33
8 Rajasthan 68,621,012 21.44 342239 201 926 67.06
9 Karnataka 61,130,704 15.67 191791 319 968 75.60
10 Gujarat 60,383,628 19.17 196024 308 918 79.31
11 Orissa 41,947,358 13.97 155707 269 978 73.45
12 Kerala 33,387,677 4.86 38863 859 1084 93.91
13 Jharkhand 32,966,238 22.34 79714 414 947 67.63
14 Assam 31,169,272 16.93 78438 397 954 73.18

24. 15 Punjab 27,704,236 13.73 50362 550 893 76.68
16
Chhattisga
rh
25,540,196 22.59 135191 189 991 71.04
17 Haryana 25,353,081 19.90 44212 573 877 76.64
18 Delhi 16,753,235 20.96 1483 11297 866 86.34
19
Jammu
and
Kashmir
12,548,926 23.71 222236 56 883 68.74
20
Uttarakhan
d
10,116,752 19.17 53483 189 963 79.63
21
Himachal
Pradesh
6,856,509 12.81 55673 123 974 83.78
22 Tripura 3,671,032 14.75 10486 350 961 87.75
23 Meghalaya 2,964,007 27.82 22429 132 986 75.48
24 Manipur 2,721,756 18.65 22327 122 987 79.85
25 Nagaland 1,980,602 -0.47 16579 119 931 80.11

25. 26 Goa 1,457,723 8.17 3702 394 968 87.40
27
Arunachal
Pradesh
1,382,611 25.92 83743 17 920 66.95
28
Puducherr
y
1,244,464 27.72 479 2598 1038 86.55
29 Mizoram 1,091,014 22.78 21081 52 975 91.58
30
Chandigar
h
1,054,686 17.10 114 9252 818 86.43
31 Sikkim 607,688 12.36 7096 86 889 82.20
32
Andaman
and
Nicobar
Islands
379,944 6.68 8249 46 878 86.27
33
Dadra and
Nagar
Haveli
342,853 55.50 491 698 775 77.65
34
Daman
and Diu
242,911 53.54 112 2169 618 87.07

29. (B) CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM
According to the United Nations, civil registration is
defined as the continuous permanent and compulsory
recording of the occurrence of vital events, like, live
births, deaths, foetal deaths, marriages, divorces as
well as annulments, judicial separation, adoptions,
legitimations and recognitions. Civil registration is
performed under a law, decree or regulation so as to
provide a legal basis to the records and certificates
made from the system, which has got several civil
uses in the personal life of individual citizens.

30. Moreover, the information collected through the registration
process provides very useful and important vital statistics
also on a continuous basis at the national level starting from
the smallest administrative unit. In fact, obtaining detailed
vital statistics on a regular basis is one of the major functions
of the Civil Registration System (CRS) in several countries
of the world. Vital records obtained under CRS have got
administrative uses in designing and implementing public
health programmes and carrying out social, demographic and
historical research. For an individual, the birth registration
records provide legal proof of identity and civil status, age,
nationality, dependency status etc., on which depend a wide
variety of rights.

32. CIVIL REGISTRATION SYSTEM IN INDIA
CRS gives data not only at the national level but
also at the district and sub-divisional levels which
are the basic units for the planning and
implementation of health and family welfare
services as well as several developmental
programmes. At the local level, births and deaths
are recorded by the Registrar or Sub-Registrar of
specific area and the basic information is given to
him by appointed informants (village level health
workers/ICDS workers etc).

33. In case of household events, head of the household is
responsible for reporting the event where as the
Medical officer in-charge collects information on
events taking place in hospitals, nursing homes,
maternity homes etc. This information are compiled
and provided in a standard format such as Form 2 for
live births, Form 3 for stillbirths and Form 4 for
deaths. This information is reported to the district
Registrar or Addl. District Registrar who is the
Medical Health Officer. In case of Municipalities
(urban wards) with a population of 30,000 and more,
every Registrar is expected to send monthly statement
to the Chief Registrar.

34. USES OF CIVIL REGISTRATION
Civil registration has a dual purpose − legal on
the one hand, and statistical, demographic and
epidemiological on the other. In the first
purpose, the records generated have importance
as legal records documenting the facts
surrounding each registered vital event. In that
sense, each vital record has an intrinsic
importance of its own.

35. For the second purpose , the records
may be aggregated to form a body of
vital statistics which, collectively,
convey important information about the
persons described in the statistics in
summary form. Those two purposes
reinforce each other in a number of
ways, but it is important to maintain
their distinctiveness in discussing the
uses and operation of civil registration.

36. USES OF CIVIL REGISTRATION RECORDS FOR
ADMINISTRATIVE PURPOSES
Live birth records are the basis for many public
health programmes for post‐natal care of mother and
child, and may be used, when needed, for
programmes of vaccination and immunization,
premature‐baby care, assistance to disabled persons.
Death records are used to provide legal permission
for burial or other disposal of deceased individuals.
They can also provide information of
epidemiological importance, and indicate the need
for preventive control measures. Death records are
also necessary to clear a number of administrative
files, such as disease‐case registers, population
registers, social security files, military service files,
electoral rolls, identity files and tax registers

37. USES OF CIVIL REGISTRATION RECORDS FOR
INDIVIDUALS
 For the individual, the birth registration records provide legal
proof of identity and civil status, age, nationality, dependency
status etc., on which depend a wide variety of rights. The birth
registration record may be required for establishing,
 (i) Identity and family relationships for settling inheritance or
insurance claims and arranging transfer of property
 (ii) Proof of age for admission in schools, entry into services and
professions, obtaining a driving license, exercising voting rights,
entering into legal contracts, inheritance claims, marriage etc.
 (iii) Nationality or citizenship by birth, to obtain passport for
foreign travel, qualify for voting privileges, own property

38. (C) SAMPLE SURVEYS
There are three systems which provide data on
vital rates at the national level. These are
National Sample Survey, Sample Registration
System and in recent years, National Family
Health Surveys. These surveys provide
different kinds of data, but all of them provide
certain fertility and mortality indicators. In
view of their importance in the demographic
data system of India at different points of time,
these are discussed below.

39. 1. NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY
Data on fertility and mortality from the census are not
very reliable and they are also available only once in
ten years. In the absence of reliable data from the
civil registration system (CRS), the need for reliable
vital statistics at national and state levels is being met
through sample surveys launched from time to time.
At the instance of the then Prime Minister Shri
Jawaharlal Nehru, a large scale sample survey agency
known as National Sample Survey (NSS) came into
existence in 1950 on the recommendations of the
National Income Committee chaired by Late
Professor P. C. Mahalanobis.

40. In the 1950’s and 1960’s, the National Sample Survey
attempted to provide reliable estimates of birth and
death rates through its regular rounds. However, the
release of 1961 census data indicated that the birth
rates and death rates and consequently, the growth
rates were often not estimated correctly. Many
analysts, at that point of time, felt that the one time
retrospective recall surveys such as National Sample
survey may not be able to estimate the vital rates
correctly. This resulted in a search for alternative
mechanism estimate vital rates.

41. OBJECTIVE OF NSS
NSS was started with the objective of filling up the gaps in
essential statistics by collecting comprehensive data through
sample surveys. A wide variety of subjects have been covered
by the NSS. Broadly, these may be classified as socio
economic (including demographic), agricultural survey and
industrial enquiries. NSS is a nation‐wide, large scale,
continuing, integrated multi subject survey conducted in the
form of rounds of one year duration, by a permanent ,whole
time survey staff using the methods of personal interview and
direct physical observation for providing data on various types
of social, economic and agricultural characteristics, with
provisions (a) for assessing the precision of survey results, (b)
providing periodic progressive estimates and (c) for other
agencies such as states to participate in its work on a matching
basis

42. 2.SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM (SRS)
The Government of India, in the late 1960s, initiated the
Sample Registration System that is based on a Dual
Recording System. In the Sample Registration System, there
is a continuous enumeration of births and deaths in a sample
of villages/urban blocks by a resident part‐time enumerator
and then, an independent six monthly retrospective survey
by a full time supervisor. The data obtained through these
two sources are matched. The unmatched and partially
matched events are re‐verified in the field to get the correct
number of events. At present, the Sample Registration
System (SRS) provides reliable annual data on fertility and
mortality at the state and national levels for rural and urban
areas separately. In this survey, the sample units, villages in
rural areas and urban blocks in urban areas are replaced
once in ten years.

43. OBJECTIVE OF SRS
The main objective of SRS is to provide reliable
estimates of birth rate, death rate and infant mortality
rate at the natural division level for the rural areas and at
the state level for the urban areas. Natural divisions are
National Sample Survey (NSS) classified group of
contiguous administrative districts with distinct
geographical and other natural characteristics. It also
provides data for other measures of fertility and
mortality including total fertility, infant and child
mortality rate at higher geographical levels.

44. In order to facilitate effective tracking of
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) on
under‐five mortality, the estimates of Under‐5
mortality rate for India and bigger states
separately for rural & urban and also by sex
have been made a regular feature of SRS ‐
Annual Statistical Report starting from the year
2008.Similarly, the estimates of maternal
mortality generated under the domain of SRS
starting from 1997 provides important inputs
for tracking of MDGs on maternal mortality.

45. STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
The main components of SRS are:
(i) Base‐line survey of the sample units to obtain
demographic details of the usual resident population of
the sample areas
(ii) Continuous (longitudinal) enumeration of vital events
pertaining to usual resident population by the enumerator
(iii) Independent retrospective half‐yearly surveys for
recording births and deaths which occurred during the
half‐year under reference and up‐dating the House‐list,
Household 27 schedule and the list of women in the
reproductive age group along with their pregnancy status
by the Supervisor
(iv)

46. STRUCTURE OF THE SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM
(iv)Matching of events recorded during continuous
enumeration and those listed in course of half‐
yearly survey;
(v) Field verification of unmatched and partially
matched events; and
(vi) Filling of Verbal Autopsy Forms for finalized
deaths.

47. 3. HEALTH SURVEYS
In the past about a decade or so, a few important
sources for demographic data have emerged. These
are the National Family Health Surveys (NFHS) and
the District Level Household Surveys (DLHS)
conducted for the evaluation of reproductive and
child Health programmes. Three rounds of NFHS
surveys have since been completed. These provide
estimates inter‐alia of fertility, child mortality and a
number of health parameters relating to infants and
children at state level.

48. They also provide information on the
availability of health and family planning
services to pregnant mothers and other
women in reproductive ages. The DLHS
provide information at the district level on a
number of indicators relating to child health,
reproductive health problems and the quality
of services available to them. Three rounds of
DLHS surveys have been conducted so far.

49. 4. NATIONAL FAMILY HEALTH SURVEYS
India’s first National Family Health Survey
1(NFHS‐1) was conducted in 1992–93. The primary
objective of survey was to provide national and state
level data on fertility, nuptiality, family size
preferences, knowledge and practice of family
planning, the potential demand for family planning
services, the level of unwanted fertility , utilization of
ante natal care services breast feeding and food
supplementation practices, child nutrition and health
immunization and infant and child mortality.

50. Financial assistance for NFHS was provided
by the United States Agency for International
Development (US AID).The Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW),
Government of India, subsequently
designated the International Institute for
Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, as the
nodal agency to conduct the survey.

51. 5.REPRODUCTIVE AND CHILD HEALTH SURVEY UNDER
DLHS-RCH
The Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) under
District Level Household Survey (DLHS) is being
implemented by the Government of India to provide
quality services at the grass-root level and to
estimate the utilization of these services by the
community. In the survey a shift was made from the
method-mix target based activities to the client
centred, demand driven quality services. This
approach was adopted in order to change the
attitude of the service providers at the grass-root
level and to increase the outreach services

52. It took into consideration not only to generate district
level data on utilization of services but also the
people’s perception about the quality of services. In
view of the above RCH under took the Rapid
Household Survey and the Facility Survey in all the
districts of the country in two phases. Phase-I started
in the year 1998-99 and Phase-II in 2002-04. IIPS
was chosen as a Nodal Agency for collecting data and
preparation of reports by the Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare. In Phase-I approximately 50 percent
of the districts from each state and union territory
were covered and the remaining districts were taken-
up in the second phase.

53. The survey focuses on coverage of antenatal
care, immunization services, extent of safe
deliveries, contraceptive prevalence and unmet
need for family planning, awareness about
RTI/STI and HIV/AIDS and utilization of
government health services. Apart from this,
information on birth history from all ever-
married women is also collected during the
survey that can provide vital rates at the district
level. Currently the third round of DLHS-
RCH data collection is under progress in all the
states of India.

100. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Indian census has been a goldmine
for the population data including vital
events where one can get the estimates
even below district level. However, it has
the limitation that the fertility rates are
not reliably improved over time though
the mortality rates estimated indirectly
comes out reasonable good, at least for
the larger state.

101. Despite of tremendous efforts to improve the
quality of data in different population census, it
suffers from three major limitations hampering
extensive use of census data in micro-level
planning and programme implementation. In
fact, the nature and pattern of coverage and
contents errors and changing definitions of
certain tangible indicators over different census
restrict extensive use of these data in tracking
the progress in millennium development goals
set for India.