2. CONTETS
Introduction
History
Vehicular hardware
Working
Comparison
Potential advantages
Potential obstacles
Official prediction
conclusion
3. Vehicular Automation
Vehicular automation involves the use of
Mechatronics
Artificial Intelligence
to assist a vehicle's operator.
These features and the vehicles employing them may be labeled as intelligent or
smart
4. Introduction
An autonomous car is also called as self driving car,
driverless car or robotic car, an autonomous vehicle
capable of fulfilling the human transportation
capabilities of a traditional car.
As an autonomous vehicle, it is capable of sensing
its environment and navigating without human
input.
5. ABOUT
Driver less car is a project by Google that involves
the developing technology for autonomous car
The software powering car is called
“Google chauffeur”
This project is being led by Google engineer and team
This team has 15 engineers
8. RADAR
Traditional RADAR sensors are used to detect dangerous
objects in the vehicle’s path that are more than 100 meters
away.
Accident-Prevention systems trigger alerts when they detect
something in a blind car’s blind spot.
The radar chirps between 10 and 11 GHz over a 5
millisecond period, transmitting the radar signal from a
centrally located antenna cone.
Two receive cones, separated by approximately 14 inches,
receive the reflected radar energy.
9. Video camera
A video camera installed at the top of the front glass near the
rear-view mirror.
These cameras are used to detect the traffic lights ,
pedestrians, animals etc.
It is also used to identify road markings and traffic signals.
10. LIDAR
The Light Detection And Ranging (LIDAR) which is mounted on the roof of the vehicle is the most
important device in the Autonomous vehicles.
The LIDAR consists of an emitter, mirror and receiver.
The emitter sends out a LASER beam that bounces off a mirror that is rotating along with the
cylindrical housing at 10 revolutions per minute.
After bouncing off objects, the LASER beam returns to the mirror and is bounced back towards the
receiver, where it can be interpreted into data.
The vehicle can then generate a map of its surroundings and use the map to avoid objects.
12. GPS
The global positioning system(GPS) is a space based satellite navigation
system that provides location and the time information.
But the data alone with the GPS system is less accurate so this data is
combined with the outputs from the IMU(inertial measurement unit)
IMU is an electronic device which measures and gives the information about
vehicles velocity
13. Processors
Some 7 dual-core 2.13 GHz processors and 2Gb of RAM are needed to make
sense of the data collected by the car’s instruments.
14. Wheel Speed Sensors
Wheel Speed Sensors measure the road-wheel
speed and direction of rotation.
These sensors provide input to a number of
different automotive systems including the anti-
lock brake system and electronic stability control.
15. Working
The signal from the sensors are used by the Electronic Control Unit for decision making using a
software code.
Based on the information from the sensors, the Electronic Control Unit gives signal to the actuators,
which in turn control the vehicle.
Also, real time information of the surroundings is output to the user interface located inside the
vehicle.
16. Google Maps and the hardware sensors
data are sent to the AI.
AI then determines:
how fast to accelerate
when to slow down/stop
when to steer the wheel
Goal of AI
The agent's goal is to take the passenger to
its desired destination safely and legally.
19. Potential Advantages
Minimize accidents rates in cities
The system will allow the commuters to do other things while travelling such as reading or
sleeping.
Increased roadway capacity and reduced traffic congestion
Relief of vehicle occupants from driving and navigation chores.
Higher speed limit for autonomous cars.
Alleviation of parking scarcity.
Reduction of space required for vehicle parking.
Reduction in the need for traffic police and vehicle insurance.
Smoother ride.
20. Potential Obstacles
As of August 28,2014 the latest prototype cannot “Handle
heavy rain and snow covered roads”.
Chris Urmson of Google said That the LIDAR technology
cannot spot a police officer signaling car to stop
Vehicles are unable to differentiate between crumpled up paper
and a rock
Loss of driver-related jobs
Temporary construction zones which are not posted to any maps or data bases.
According to Google, projects having these issues fixed by 2020.
22. Official Predictions
By 2014, Israeli company Mobileye expects to release semi-autonomous car technology.
By 2015, Audi plans to market vehicles that can autonomously steer, accelerate and brake at lower
speeds, such as in traffic jams.
By 2016, Mobileye expects to release fully autonomous car technology.
By 2017, Google expects to release their autonomous car technology.
By 2020, Volvo envisages having cars in which passengers would be immune from injuries.
By 2020, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Nissan and BMW all expect to sell autonomous cars.
23. Traffic Ahead
BMW
z
Nissan Google General Motors
Vehicles 5 Series
(modified)
S 500 Intelligent driver
research vehicle
Leaf EV
(modified)
Prius and Lexus
(modified)
Cadillac SRX
(modified)
KEY
Technologies
• Video camera tracks
lane markings and
reads road signs.
• Read sensors detect
objects ahead.
• Side laser scanners.
• Ultrasonic sensors.
• Differential GPS.
• Very accurate map.
• Stereo camera sees
objects ahead in 3-D
• Additional cameras
reads road signs and
traffic lights.
• Short and long range
radar.
• Infrared camera,
• Ultrasonic sensors.
• Front and side
radar.
• Camera
• Front, side and
rear laser sensor,
• Fore wide angle
cameras shows
the driver the car’s
surroundings.
• LIDAR on the roof
detects objects
around the car in 3-D
• Camera helps detect
objects.
• Front and side radar.
• Inertial measuring
unit tracks position,
• Wheel encoder tracks
movement.
• Very accurate map.
• Several laser
sensors.
• Radar
• Differential GPS
• Cameras
• Very accurate map.
• Many carmakers developing prototype vehicles that are capable of driving
autonomously in certain situation.
24. Conclusion
Although legal issues connected to driverless cars have raised many questions, as driverless car is still in
research, hope we can see driverless car running on roads soon which would overcome all these
obstacles and issues in the future, let’s wait and see
Could be ready for market as little a 4-5 years
