highway to health 9th std

1. Name : Yash S Chauhan
Std. : IX
BY MANISH LIMBACHIA

3. Topic Discussed in this project
Malaria
Diabetes
Ebola Virus

5. – Key Facts
 Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people
through the bites of infected female mosquitoes.
 About 3.2 billion people – almost half of the world’s population – are at risk of malaria.
 Young children, pregnant women and non-immune travellers from malaria-free areas
are particularly vulnerable to the disease when they become infected.
 Malaria is preventable and curable, and increased efforts are dramatically reducing the
malaria burden in many places.
 Between 2000 and 2015, malaria incidence (the rate of new cases) fell by 37% globally.
In that same period, malaria death rates fell by 60% globally among all age groups, and
by 65% among children under 5.
 Sub-Saharan Africa carries a disproportionately high share of the global malaria burden.
In 2015, the region was home to 89% of malaria cases and 91% of malaria deaths.

6. Malaria - Cause
 Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites. The parasites are spread to
people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, called
"malaria vectors.” There are 5 parasite species that cause malaria in
humans, and 2 of these species – P. falciparum and P. vivax – pose the
greatest threat.

7. Malaria -Symptoms
 Malaria is an acute febrile illness. In a non-immune individual,
symptoms appear 7 days or more (usually 10–15 days) after the
infective mosquito bite. The first symptoms – fever, headache,
chills and vomiting – may be mild and difficult to recognize as
malaria. If not treated within 24 hours, P. falciparum malaria can
progress to severe illness, often leading to death.
 Children with severe malaria frequently develop 1 or more of the
following symptoms: severe anaemia, respiratory distress in
relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria. In adults,
multi-organ involvement is also frequent. In malaria endemic
areas, people may develop partial immunity, allowing
asymptomatic infections to occur.

8. Malaria - Prevention
 Vector control is the main way to prevent and reduce malaria transmission. If
coverage of vector control interventions within a specific area is high enough,
then a measure of protection will be conferred across the community.
 WHO recommends protection for all people at risk of malaria with effective
malaria vector control. Two forms of vector control – insecticide-treated
mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying – are effective in a wide range of
circumstances.
 Methods
1. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs)
2. Indoor spraying with residual insecticides
3. Insecticide resistance

9. Malaria - Diagnosis and treatment
 Early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces disease and prevents
deaths. It also contributes to reducing malaria transmission. The best
available treatment, particularly for P. falciparum malaria, is artemisinin-
based combination therapy (ACT).
 WHO recommends that all cases of suspected malaria be confirmed using
parasite-based diagnostic testing (either microscopy or rapid diagnostic
test) before administering treatment. Results of parasitological
confirmation can be available in 30 minutes or less. Treatment, solely on
the basis of symptoms should only be considered when a parasitological
diagnosis is not possible. More detailed recommendations are available in
the WHO Guidelines for the treatment of malaria, third edition, published
in April 2015.

11. Key facts
 In 2014 the global prevalence of diabetes * was estimated to be 9% among
adults aged 18+ years.
 In 2012, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes.
 More than 80% of diabetes deaths occur in low- and middle-income
countries.
 WHO projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030.
 Healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight
and avoiding tobacco use can prevent or delay the onset of type 2
diabetes.

12. What is diabetes?
 Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does
not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the
insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar (5).
Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled
diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's
systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.
 In 2014, 9% of adults 18 years and older had diabetes. In 2012 diabetes
was the direct cause of 1.5 million deaths. More than 80% of diabetes
deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.

13. Types of diabetes
 Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is
characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. The cause
of type 1 diabetes is not known and it is not preventable with current knowledge.
 Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset) results from the body’s
ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises 90% of people with diabetes around the world
(5), and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity.
 Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia with blood glucose values above normal but below those
diagnostic of diabetes, occurring during pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes are at an
increased risk of complications during pregnancy and at delivery. They are also at increased risk of
type 2 diabetes in the future.Gestational diabetes is diagnosed through prenatal screening, rather
than reported symptoms.

14. Prevention
 Simple lifestyle measures have been shown to be effective in preventing or
delaying the onset of type 2 diabetes. To help prevent type 2 diabetes and
its complications, people should:
 achieve and maintain healthy body weight;
 be physically active – at least 30 minutes of regular, moderate-intensity activity
on most days. More activity is required for weight control;
 eat a healthy diet of between 3 and 5 servings of fruit and vegetables a day and
reduce sugar and saturated fats intake;
 avoid tobacco use – smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

15. Diagnosis and treatment
 Treatment of diabetes involves lowering blood glucose and the levels of other known risk
factors that damage blood vessels. Tobacco use cessation is also important to avoid
complications.
 Interventions that are both cost saving and feasible in developing countries include:
 blood pressure control;
 foot care.
 Other cost saving interventions include:
1. screening and treatment for retinopathy (which causes blindness);
2. blood lipid control (to regulate cholesterol levels);
3. screening for early signs of diabetes-related kidney disease.
4. These measures should be supported by a healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a
normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use.

17. Key facts
 Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe, often fatal illness in
humans.
 The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-
to-human transmission.
 The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past
outbreaks.
 The first EVD outbreaks occurred in remote villages in Central Africa, near tropical rainforests, but the most
recent outbreak in West Africa has involved major urban as well as rural areas.
 Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Good outbreak control relies on
applying a package of interventions, namely case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good
laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation.
 Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. There is as yet no
licensed treatment proven to neutralise the virus but a range of blood, immunological and drug therapies
are under development.
 There are currently no licensed Ebola vaccines but 2 potential candidates are undergoing evaluation.

18. Background
 The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola virus
disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan, and
the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the
Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
 The current outbreak in West Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest and
most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. There have
been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It has also spread
between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land borders to Sierra Leone and
Liberia, by air (1 traveller) to Nigeria and USA (1 traveller), and by land to Senegal (1 traveller)
and Mali (2 travellers).
 The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, have very weak health
systems, lack human and infrastructural resources, and have only recently emerged from long
periods of conflict and instability. On August 8, the WHO Director-General declared the West
Africa outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern under the International
Health Regulations (2005).

19. Transmission
 It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts.
Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood,
secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees,
gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the
rainforest.
 Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through
broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily
fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing)
contaminated with these fluids.
 Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased
person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola.
 People remain infectious as long as their blood contains the virus.

20. Symptoms of Ebola virus disease
 The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection
with the virus to onset of symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Humans
are not infectious until they develop symptoms. First
symptoms are the sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain,
headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting,
diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver
function, and in some cases, both internal and external
bleeding (e.g. oozing from the gums, blood in the stools).
Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet
counts and elevated liver enzymes.

21. Diagnosis
 It can be difficult to distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria,
typhoid fever and meningitis. Confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus
infection are made using the following investigations:
 antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
 antigen-capture detection tests
 serum neutralization test
 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay
 electron microscopy
 virus isolation by cell culture.
 Samples from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-
inactivated samples should be conducted under maximum biological containment
conditions.

22. Treatment and vaccines
 Supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids- and treatment
of specific symptoms, improves survival. There is as yet no proven
treatment available for EVD. However, a range of potential treatments
including blood products, immune therapies and drug therapies are
currently being evaluated. No licensed vaccines are available yet, but 2
potential vaccines are undergoing human safety testing.

23. Prevention and control
 Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions,
namely case management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good
laboratory service, safe burials and social mobilisation. Community
engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Raising
awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures that
individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk
reduction messaging should focus on several factors:
1. Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission
2. Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission
3. Outbreak containment measures

24. Reference
 Wikipedia
 Google
 WHO website