2. Foundational Questions
What is engineering?
What is engineering design?
Difference between engineering analysis
and engineering design
What is the difference between product and
process design?
What is the context of the design process?
Engineering design vs. design in other
academic disciplines?
Why design?
4. Human creativity
The use of technology to make products and systems
for societal benefit.
“The profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural
sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with
judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the material forces
of nature for the benefit of mankind.
Engineering as a “Thinking-Making” Activity
5. When did the engineering disciplines begin?
3000 BC Civil
1000 BC Military
AD 1700 Mechanical
AD 1800 Materials
Agricultural
Electrical
AD 1900 Chemical
Aerospace
AD 1950 Computer, Nuclear, Biochemical
Biomedical
6. Engineering and Science
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“Both the engineer and scientist are thoroughly educated in the
mathematical and natural sciences, but the scientist primarily uses
this knowledge to acquire new knowledge, whereas the engineer
applies this knowledge to design and develop usable devices,
structures and processes. In order words.
The scientist seeks to know, the engineer aims to do”.
7. Engineering and Art
Starts with a blank
page
Visualization
Ideas transmitted from
mind to paper
Usually a solution to a
‘problem’
More logical
Design is actually
created
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Similarities Differences
9. What is engineering design?
Engineering design is the set of decision-making processes
and activities used determine the form of an object given the
functions desired by the customer.
Engineering design is the process of devising a system,
component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a
decision-making process (often iterative), in which the basic
science and mathematics and engineering sciences are
applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated
objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design
process are the establishment of objectives and criteria,
synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation.
13. Brainstorming
Rule : There are
no stupid ideas
in a brainstorm
Process of Engineering Design
Need
Analysis of Problem
Statement of Problem
Conceptual Design
Selected Schemes
Embodiment of Schemes
Detailing
Working drawings, etc..
14. Define problem and goal
Consider:
What do you want to accomplish?
What are the requirements?
Are there any limitations?
Who is the customer?
• Identify and describe
the issue and the
ultimate objective
15. The design process begins with
some initial problem statement.
Initial Problem Statement
Design a robot to play football game.
Design problems are often ill-structured and
open-ended.
Asking questions is a great way to begin
defining the problem to be addressed.
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Problem Definition
17. Objectives, constraints, functions &
requirements
Some items are absolute – others negotiable
Functionality (inputs, outputs, operating modes)
Physical (size, weight, temperature)
Reliability, durability, security
Power (voltage levels, battery life)
Performance (speed, resolution)
Ease of use
Conformance to applicable standards
Compatibility with existing product(s)
Cost
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18. Both functional & non-functional requirements
used for a design.
Functional requirements:
support a given load
grasp a given size
reach a given distance
move at given speed
etc.
Non-functional requirements (usually form-focused)
size, weight, color, etc.
power consumption
reliability
durability
etc.
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19. Research
Gather information and investigate existing technologies
related to the problem
Talk to individuals who share this problem and could
benefit from possible solutions
20. Imagine possible solutions
Brainstorm ideas.
Be creative and build upon the ideas of others.
Explore and compare many possible designs within your
group.
Be open-minded!
21. Choose a solution
What materials and tools are needed?
Consider environmental, cultural, time, and financial
issues and constraints.
Select the most feasible idea and assign team tasks.
$$$
22. Create & test prototype
Build a prototype
Prototype - an operating version of a solution.
Often made with different materials (cheaper) than the final version.
Allows you to test your solution and supply feedback
Push yourself and the group for creativity, imagination, and
excellence in design.
23. Improve
Share results and continue to seek
how your team could make the
solution better.
Iterate your design to make the
product the best it can be.
Iterate - to repeat an already completed
task to incorporate new information (3)
24. Environmental Design
Changing human needs mean the need for the
design of new infrastructures
Design with a focus on natural processes
Designs should mimic nature – i.e., self-
adaptive, self-sustaining, and resilient
26. Preliminary Design
• proof-of-concept
• simulation results
• qualitative and/or
quantitative
• scale models –
cardboard, straws, paper
clips, paper, pencils,
white glue, etc.
• computer models (CAD)
• mathematical models
1.“Flesh out” leading
conceptual designs
2.Model, analyze, test, and
evaluate conceptual designs
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Documentatio
n
Nail down enough design details that a decision can be made
27. Design Decision
1. Select the optimal design
based on the findings from
the previous stage
• evaluate design alternatives
against specifications
• a “better” technical solution
may not make the cut due to
differences between design
objectives and constraints
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Documentation
The “optimal” design solution may or may not be obvious
28. Detailed Design
1.Refine and optimize choices
made in preliminary design
2.Articulate specific parts and
dimensions
3.Fabricate prototype and
move toward production
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Documentatio
n
Time to go from idea to reality
29. Production, Integration & Test
Production,
Integration & Test
1.Build sub-assemblies
2.Integrate completed sub-
assemblies
3.Test, practice, improve …
repeat
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Documentatio
n
Turn your design to reality and verify it works
31. Engineering Design vs Engineering Analysis
Engineering analysis: Predicted behavior is the solution
to an analysis problem
Formulating
Solving
Checking
Engineering design:
Formulating
Generating
Analyzing
Evaluating
32. Issues in design
Utility and cost
Single and multi-functionality
Batch or mass production
Patents
Aesthetics
Integrity of product (wholeness)
Whole life-cycle planning
Health effects and safety
Recycling and disposal
End of product life and replacement issues
Failure modes
Effects on society
33. Ethical issues design
Philosophical and practical ethics
Codes of Ethics
- Health and welfare of humans and nature
- Informing client/employers of consequences
- Statements and information in truthful manner
- Treating people fairly (avoiding conflict of interest)
- Limits of professional competence
- Building professional reputations according to merits
- Continuing professional development
- Issues with intellectual property.
Issues
Life systems preservation
Maintenance of quality of life
Maintaining high standards of personal and professional conduct
Managing intra-professional customs, identifiers, habits, and limits.
34. Economic analysis
What is the relevance of economic analysis to design?
Economic assumption : Measure of value is “monetary”
Process cost in context of the company
Reporting costs, financial status, and transactions.
Value today, value tomorrow.
Material cost, labour cost, indirect cost
Manufacturing cost, storage cost, transport cost
Product cost scaling and correction factors
35. Types of Designs
Original design or innovative design
Adaptive design
Redesign
Selection design
Industrial design
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36. Original design
This form is at the top of the hierarchy
Employs an original, innovative concept to achieve
a need
Sometimes, but rarely, the need itself be original
Original designs occur rarely, but when occurs they
usually disrupt existing markets
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37. Adaptive design
Occurs when the design team adapts a known
solution to satisfy a different need to produce a
novel application
Adaptive designs involve synthesis
Relatively common in design
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38. Redesign
Employed to improve an existing design
Redesign to reduce failure in service, or to
redesign a component so as to reduce its cost
Accomplished without any change in the
working principle or concept of the original
design
Redesign by changing some of the design
parameters, it is often called Variant design
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39. Other types of design
Selection design
Most of products employ standard components
Selecting the components with the needed
performance, quality, and cost
Industrial design
Deals with improving the appeal of a product to
the human senses, especially its visual appeal
More artistic than engineering
Consideration of how the human user can best
interface with the product
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