Araling Panlipunan 8

2. The Analects, or Lunyu (lit. "Selected Sayings"), also known as the Analects of Confucius, is the
collection of sayings and ideas attributed to the Chinese philosopher Confucius and his
contemporaries, traditionally believed to have been written by Confucius' followers. It is believed to
have been written during the Warring States period (475 BC–221 BC), and it achieved its final form
during the mid-Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD). By the early Han dynasty the Analects was
considered merely a "commentary" on the Five Classics, but the status of the Analects grew to be
one of the central texts of Confucianism by the end of that dynasty. During the lateSong
dynasty (960-1279) the importance of the Analects as a philosophy work was raised above that of the
older Five Classics, and it was recognized as one of the "Four Books". The Analects has been one of
the most widely read and studied books in China for the last 2,000 years, and continues to have a
substantial influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today.

4. The Tao Te Ching, Daodejing, or Dao De Jing (simplified Chinese: 道德经; traditional
Chinese: 道德經; pinyin: Dàodéjīng), also simply referred to as the Laozi (Chinese: 老
子; pinyin: Lǎozi),[1][2] is a Chinese classic text. According to tradition, it was written around 6th
century BC by the sage Laozi (or Lao Tzu, Chinese: 老子; pinyin: Lǎozi, literally meaning "Old
Master"), a record-keeper at the Zhou dynasty court, by whose name the text is known in
China. The text's true authorship and date of composition or compilation are still
debated,[3] although the oldest excavated text dates back to the late 4th century BC.[1]
The text, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and
religious Taoism, and strongly influenced other schools, such
as Legalism, Confucianism and Chinese Buddhism, which when first introduced into China
was largely interpreted through the use of Daoist words and concepts. Many Chinese artists,
including poets, painters, calligraphers, and even gardeners, have used the Daodejing as a
source of inspiration. Its influence has also spread widely outside East Asia, and is amongst
the most translated works in world literature.[1]
The Wade–Giles romanization "Tao Te Ching" dates back to early English transliterations in
the late 19th century; its influence can be seen in words and phrases that have become well
established in English. "Daodejing" is the pinyin romanization.

6. The Mahabharata or Mahābhārata (/məhɑːˈbɑrətə/;[1] Sanskrit: महाभारतम्, Mahābhāratam, pronounce
d [məɦaːˈbʱaːrət̪əm]) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being
the Ramayana.[2]
Besides its epic narrative of the Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and
the Pandava princes, the Mahabharata containsphilosophical and devotional material, such as a
discussion of the four "goals of life" or purusharthas (12.161). Among the principal works and stories
in the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the
Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right.
Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahabharata is attributed to Vyasa. There have been many
attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers. The oldest preserved parts of the
text are thought to be not much older than around 400 BCE, though the origins of the epic probably
fall between the 8th and 9th centuries BCE.[3] The text probably reached its final form by the
early Gupta period (c. 4th century CE).[4] The title may be translated as "the great tale of the Bhārata
dynasty". According to the Mahabharata itself, the tale is extended from a shorter version of 24,000
verses called simply Bhārata.[5]
The Mahabharata is the longest known epic poem and has been described as "the longest poem ever
written".[6][7] Its longest version consists of over 100,000 shloka or over 200,000 individual verse lines
(each shloka is a couplet), and long prose passages. About 1.8 million words in total, the
Mahabharata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined, or about four
times the length of the Ramayana.[8][9] W. J. Johnson has compared the importance of the
Mahabharata to world civilization to that of the Bible, the works ofShakespeare, the works
of Homer, Greek drama, or the Qur'an.[10]

7. KALIDASA

8. SHAKUNTALA
In Hinduism Shakuntala (Sanskrit: शकु न्तला, Śakuntalā)
is the wife of Dushyanta and the mother of Emperor
Bharata. Her story is told in theMahabharata and
dramatized by Kalidasa in his
play Abhijñānaśākuntala (The Sign of Shakuntala).