Spectrum allocation in India has been an administrative process rather than market-driven, leading to inefficiencies. There is a scarcity of spectrum that limits expansion of essential telecom services. While Pakistan has allocated spectrum efficiently, India's allocation of 2G and 3G spectrum has faced issues like delays, fragmentation of ownership, and under-utilization. Going forward, India needs to move towards a market-driven approach, allow trading of unused spectrum, and reform policies and institutions for managing spectrum to promote commercial use.

1. Spectrum Allocation in India: Monkey on a grease pole Spectrum Allocation in India Monkey on a Greased Pole? Payal Malik Associate Professor of Economics, Delhi University Senior Research Fellow, LIRNEasia

4. Allocation of Scarce Resources: PK fast response gives certainty. India's bungles 3G and 2G spectrum issuance creating negative impact PK: Best performer IN: Worst Performer

6. Circle-wise Spectrum/operator

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