2. Purpose : Differentiate between non-brain-damaged psychiatric and brain-damaged patients Age Range : 15 to 90 years Admin : Individual Admin Time : 5 minutes (timed) Stroop results can be used in the diagnosis of brain dysfunction and in the evaluation of stress, personality, cognition, ADHD, and psychopathology. Because it is brief, requires very little education, and is not culturally biased, this unique test is an ideal way to screen for neuropsychological deficits.
17. Stroop, time recorded time Stimulus appeared Response Each stimulus lasts for 2000 ms ---- Reaction time ----- Inter-stimuli time 800 ms
18. Sample score sheet: congruent Interference Trial time (s) زمان آزمایش Reaction time (ms) زمان واکنش زمان واکنش بالاتر شانگر بازداری کمتر است Errors تعداد خطاها تعداد صحیح corrects 12 11 No response تعداد بدون پاسخ Interference score نمره تداخل نمره تداخل = نمره تعداد همخوان درست – تعداد ناهمخوان درست 1 نمره تداخل نشانگر کنترل توسط فرد است
22. Executive functions – what are they? If you were to ask three psychologists for a definition of ‘executive function most would agree it centres around our ability to control our thoughts and actions in order to respond flexibly to our environment. In other words, all the abilities that enable a person to analyse what they want, how they might get it, and then carry that plan out, often over long periods of time. Executive functions differ from many other functions in the brain in that they do not appear to be dedicated to a specific task (such as moving a finger or processing sound). Instead, the frontal regions of the brain that play a role in all executive functions are available to make new associations, engage in planning, make decisions and inhibit impulses – mental processes that free an organism up from responding only to an immediate situation. It is also widely accepted that executive functions play a critical part in complex social behaviour.
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24. The Stroop Test is of interest in evaluating resistance to cognitive interference .
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26. A final example of an early screening test for attentional difficulties is the Stroop procedur e (A. R. Jensen & Rohwer, 1966; Stroop, 1935). کتاب مارنات فصل 14 صفحه 1030
27. Response Inhibition : It Starts with Stopping Russell Barkley, Ph.D has created the response inhibition theory,that places primary emphasis on response inhibition—that is, the ability to hold back a response . humans are able to pause and think through the various response options and then choose the best one. It’s an almost invisible information processing that happens in a split second. An example is almost subconsciously deciding to ignore the sound of someone dropping a pen while you’re working at your computer (i.e., not getting distracted ), or holding your thought to what someone is saying until she finishes talking (i.e., not impulsively interrupting ).
28. neurophysiological studies have pointed to certain parts of the brain being involved in selective attention , Particularly the extrastriate visual cortex and the parietal lobes . Evidence of selective attention deficits was then discussed for two conditions in which such deficits have often been hypothesized, Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia . Other conditions were then considered, including closed head injury and stroke . A phenomenon that occurs in the latter condition, unilateral negle ct.
