3. Road map
1. Distillation
2. Principle
3. types of distlation
4. Distillation component & operation
5. Example of Distillation
6. Application
4. Distillation
Distillation is a proces in which a liquid or
vapour mixture of two or more substance is
separated into its component fractions of
desired purity by application on and removal of
heat
5. Distillation principle
Separation of components from a liquid mixture through
difference in boiling points of the individual components
And also depends on the vapours pressure characteristics
of liquid mixture.
Distilation is a physical separation
process and not chemical reaction
7. simple distillation
The only one chain of vaorization and condensation
takes place
Its only applicable if difference of boiling point is
very large like 25-35
It mostly use to separate volitile liquid from non
volatile liquids
It is difficult to get pure substance only by simple
sitillation
Ditilation of sea water
c
8. Fractional distillation
It is another common type of ditillation
It is used to separate liquid having very close boiling
points
It require more evaporation/condensation cycles
For fractional ditillational distillation one
fractionating colum is introced between flask and
condenser.Each gap worker as one cycle
10. Vacuum distillation
Vacuum ditillation is a method of distillation whereby
the pressure above the liquid mxiture to be distilled is
reduce to less then its vapor pressure(usually less than
atomospheric pressure)causing evaporation of the
most volatile liquid(s)(those with the lowest boiling
point).
11. Vacuum distillation
This distillation method works on the princple that
boiling occur when the vapor pressure of a liquid
exceeds the ambient pressure
It is use for temperaure sensitive materials like oil
industry.
12. Azotropic Ditillation
It is special type of ditillation which is specifically use
for azotropic mixture
They can not bet distilled directlty as their liquid and
vapour composition are same
In this some components added to create new low
boiling azotrpe
Which create two hetergeneous layers
This can be easily distill
In the production of ethanol to break azotrope of 96%
ehanol and 4%water benzene is added
13. Distillation component & operation
Any simple distillation component composed as
following main parts
Heating source
Distillation flask
Thermometer
Condenser
Receiving flask
14. Distillation operation
In distillation Colum feed put in middle of Colum in feed tray
Feed slowly comedown & re-boil than convert in vapor
Vapor move upward & come in top
It is condensed by condenser & store in
Vessel is called distillate
Some of his condensate again to top is
reflux
There are internal flow of vapor & liquid
17. Applications of Distillation
o Food processing
The latter two are distinctively different from the two
in the processing of beverages
The distillation is not used as a true purification
method but more to transfer all volattiles from the
source material to the distillate.
18. Example of Distillation
In the fossil fuel industry distillation is a major class of operation in obtaining
materials from crude oil for fuels and for chemical feedstocks.
Ditillation permits separation of air inton its components notably oxygen, nitrogen
and argon for industerial use.
19. summary
Distillation is a process of separating components by
boiling & condensation
Types – simple, vacuum , fractional & azeotropic
Components
Operation
Application & examples