Definition & History of Computer

1. COMPUTERS
AND
COMMUNICATIONS

2. OBJECTIVES:
• Define what is computer.
• Identify different characteristics of computer
• Recognize the history of computer
• Classify the limitations and capabilities of computer
• Differentiate the classifications of computer

3. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cu3R5it4cQs

4. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER
Computer is a programmable machine.
Computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information, or data. It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
Computer is a machine that manipulates
data according to a list of instructions
(program).
Computer is any device which aids humans
in performing various kinds of computations
or calculations.

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
• SPEED : In general, no human being can compete to solving the complex computation, faster
than computer.
• ACCURACY : Since Computer is programmed, so what ever input we give it gives result with
accurately.
• STORAGE : Computer can store mass storage of data with appropriate formate.
• DILIGENCE : Computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.
• VERSATILITY : We can use computer to perform completely different type of work at the same
time.
• POWER OF REMEMBERING : It can remember data for us.
• NO IQ : Computer does not work without instruction.
• NO FEELING : Computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, feeling.

6. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aqg6LxGCz44

7. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
1. Tally sticks
 A tally stick was an ancient memory aid
device to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even messages.
2. Abacus
 is a mechanical device used to aid an
individual in performing mathematical
calculations.
3. Napier’s Bones
 Allowed the operator to multiply, divide
and calculate square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and placing them
in specially constructed boards.
4. Slide Rule
 Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots
– logarithms – Trigonometry
 Not normally used for addition or subtraction.
5. Pascaline
 It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
6. Stepped Reckoner
 The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and
divide automatically.

8. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
7. Jacquard Loom
 It is an automatic loom controlled by
punched cards.
8. Arithmometer
 The machine could perform the four
basic mathematic functions.
 The first mass-produced calculating
machine.
9. Difference Engine and Analytical
Engine
 It an automatic, mechanical calculator
designed to tabulate polynomial
functions.
10.First Computer Programmer
 In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.
 She writes programs for the Analytical
Engine.
11.Scheutzian Calculation Engine
 The first printing calculator
12.Tabulating Machine
 To assist in summarizing information and
accounting.

9. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
13.Harvard Mark 1
 The first electro-mechanical
computer
14.Z1
 The first programmable computer
15.Atanasoff-Berry Computer
(ABC)
 It was the first electronic digital
computing device
16.ENIAC
 It was the first electronic general-
purpose computer.
17.UNIVAC 1
 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer
1) was the first commercial computer.
18.EDVAC
 The First Stored Program Computer
19.The First Portable Computer
 Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
20.The First Computer Company
 The first computer company was the Electronic
Controls Company.

10. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1940S-1950S)
• Main electronic component – vacuum tube
• Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes
• Programming language – machine language
• Power – consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat.
• Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).
• Input/output devices – punched cards and paper tape.
• Examples – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc.
• Quantity – there were about 100 different vacuum tube computers produced between
1942 and1963.

11. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF SECOND
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1950S-1960S)
• Main electronic component – transistor
• Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk
• Programming language – assembly language
• Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and
smaller in size (in comparison with the first generation computers).
• Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with
the first generation computers).
• Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape.
• Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc.

12. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THIRD
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1960S-1970S)
• Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)
• Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk
• Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL,
C, etc.)
• Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers
(they were called minicomputers).
• Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second
generation computers).
• Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.
• Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108, etc.

13. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FOURTH
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1970S-PRESENT)
• Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.
• VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.
• Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)
• RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory element) used in computers that temporary
stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the computer is turned off).
• ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that permanently stores data and
programs (non-volatile: its contents are retained even when the computer is turned off).
• Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.).
• A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages
• Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.
• Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the third generation
computers).
• Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.
• Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together.
• Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc.

14. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FIFTH GENERATION OF
COMPUTERS (THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE)
• Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the
Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel
processing method.
• ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip
• Parallel processing method – use two or more microprocessors to run tasks
simultaneously.
• Language – understand natural language (human language).
• Power – consume less power and generate less heat.
• Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability
(in comparison with the fourth generation computers).
• Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.
• Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or
touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognise voice /
speech), light scanner, printer, etc.
• Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

15. WHAT ARE THE LIMITATIONS OF A
COMPUTER?
🥴 Lack of common-sense
0️⃣ Zero IQ
😶 No Feeling
😵 Computers can’t Decide
💡 Computers can’t Express their Ideas
🏃 Computers can’t Implement
🥴 Computers can’t Think
📥 Depend on the user input.
👨💻 An expert user can work on a computer

16. WHAT ARE THE CAPABILITIES OF A
COMPUTER SYSTEM?
🚗 Speed
🎯 Accuracy
🔘 Automation
🃏 Versatility
🚀 Diligence
⚖️ Reliability
⚡ Quick Decision
💾 Storage Capacity
🥴 Multitasking
🥴 Power of Remembering

17. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
• PC (Personal Computer) or Micro-Computers
It is a single user computer system having a moderately
powerful microprocessor. It is termed as a computer that
is equipped microprocessor as its CPU.
• Workstation
It is also a single user computer system, similar to the
personal computer, however, has a more powerful
microprocessor.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/classification-of-
computers

18. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
• Mini-Computer
It is a multi-user computer system, capable of
supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
• Main Frame
It is a multi-user computer system, capable of
supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
Software technology is different from
minicomputer.
• Super-Computer
It is an extremely fast computer, which can execute
hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/classification-of-
computers

19. REFERENCES
• http://oer.nios.ac.in/wiki/index.php/CHARACTERISTICS_OF_COMPUTERS
• https://opentextbc.ca/computerstudies/chapter/classification-of-generations-of-
computers/
• https://quicklearncomputer.com/what-are-the-limitations-of-computer/
• https://quicklearncomputer.com/what-are-the-capabilities-of-a-computer/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/classification-of-computers