Cruise control maintains a constant vehicle speed without driver pressure on the accelerator pedal. It uses a servo unit, control module, and speed set control. Diagnosis involves checking switches, cables, vacuum lines, and servo unit. Power windows use electric motors controlled by master and independent switches. The window regulator raises and lowers the glass. HomeLink programs the vehicle to operate garage door openers and other devices.
Cruise control system has become a common feature in automobiles nowadays. Instead of having the driver frequently checking the speedometer and adjusting pressure on the gas pedal or the brake, cruise control system control the speed of the car by maintaining the constant speed set by the driver. Therefore, cruise control system can help reduce driver’s fatigue in driving a long road trip. This paper presents the control system behind the cruise control.
Cruise control system has become a common feature in automobiles nowadays. Instead of having the driver frequently checking the speedometer and adjusting pressure on the gas pedal or the brake, cruise control system control the speed of the car by maintaining the constant speed set by the driver. Therefore, cruise control system can help reduce driver’s fatigue in driving a long road trip. This paper presents the control system behind the cruise control.
1. Definition of Control System
A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that manages commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire results. In other words the definition of control system can be rewritten as a control system is a system, which controls other system. As the human civilization is being modernized day by day the demand of automation is increasing accordingly. Automation highly requires control of devices.
In recent years, control systems plays main role in the development and advancement of modern technology and civilization. Practically every aspects of our day-to-day life is affected less or more by some control system. A bathroom toilet tank, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a geezer, an automatic iron, an automobile all are control system. These systems are also used in industrial process for more output. We find control system in quality control of products, weapons system, transportation systems, power system, space technology, robotics and many more. The principle of control theory is applicable to engineering and non engineering field both.
1.1 Feature of Control System
The main feature of control system is, there should be a clear mathematical relation between input and output of the system.
1.2 Requirement of Good Control System
Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions. Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase accuracy of any control system error detector should be present in control system.
Sensitivity: The parameters of control system are always changing with change in surrounding conditions, internal disturbance or any other parameters. This change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
Noise: An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control system should be able to reduce the noise effect for better performance.
Stability: It is an important characteristic of control system. For the bounded input signal, the output must be bounded and if input is zero then output must be zero then such a control system is said to be stable system.
Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of control system. Bandwidth should be large as possible for frequency response of good control system.
Speed: It is the time taken by control system to achieve its stable output. A good control system possesses high speed. The transient period for such system is very small.
Oscillation: A small numbers of oscillation or constant oscillation of output tend to system to be stable.
2. Types of Control Systems
There are two main types of control system. They are as follows
1. Open Loop Control System
2. Closed loop control system
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Electronic control unit, a generic term for any embedded system that controls one or more of the electrical systems or subsystems in a motor vehicle
1. Definition of Control System
A control system is a system of devices or set of devices, that manages commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other device(s) or system(s) to achieve desire results. In other words the definition of control system can be rewritten as a control system is a system, which controls other system. As the human civilization is being modernized day by day the demand of automation is increasing accordingly. Automation highly requires control of devices.
In recent years, control systems plays main role in the development and advancement of modern technology and civilization. Practically every aspects of our day-to-day life is affected less or more by some control system. A bathroom toilet tank, a refrigerator, an air conditioner, a geezer, an automatic iron, an automobile all are control system. These systems are also used in industrial process for more output. We find control system in quality control of products, weapons system, transportation systems, power system, space technology, robotics and many more. The principle of control theory is applicable to engineering and non engineering field both.
1.1 Feature of Control System
The main feature of control system is, there should be a clear mathematical relation between input and output of the system.
1.2 Requirement of Good Control System
Accuracy: Accuracy is the measurement tolerance of the instrument and defines the limits of the errors made when the instrument is used in normal operating conditions. Accuracy can be improved by using feedback elements. To increase accuracy of any control system error detector should be present in control system.
Sensitivity: The parameters of control system are always changing with change in surrounding conditions, internal disturbance or any other parameters. This change can be expressed in terms of sensitivity. Any control system should be insensitive to such parameters but sensitive to input signals only.
Noise: An undesired input signal is known as noise. A good control system should be able to reduce the noise effect for better performance.
Stability: It is an important characteristic of control system. For the bounded input signal, the output must be bounded and if input is zero then output must be zero then such a control system is said to be stable system.
Bandwidth: An operating frequency range decides the bandwidth of control system. Bandwidth should be large as possible for frequency response of good control system.
Speed: It is the time taken by control system to achieve its stable output. A good control system possesses high speed. The transient period for such system is very small.
Oscillation: A small numbers of oscillation or constant oscillation of output tend to system to be stable.
2. Types of Control Systems
There are two main types of control system. They are as follows
1. Open Loop Control System
2. Closed loop control system
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The Startup Seminar series is a free eight week evening lecture programme, providing business and startup skills to all those wanting to find out more about the process of taking a business from idea to a successful venture.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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It is therefore essential to employ other water sources, such as river water, for consumption by humans. Commercial RO Plant purifiers manufactured by Netsol Water are necessary because a different type of water is completely unsuitable for human consumption. Large-scale water filtration is accomplished with the assistance of a Noida-based commercial RO plant manufacturer i.e., Netsol Water. It supports several methods for getting rid of all kinds of contaminants in water.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
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7. Figure 45–1 This cruise control servo unit has an electrical connection with wires that go to the cruise control module or the vehicle computer, depending on the vehicle. The vacuum hoses supply engine manifold vacuum to the rubber diaphragm that moves the throttle linkage to maintain the preset speed. Figure 45–2 A cruise control used on a Toyota/Lexus.
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13. Figure 45–3 Segment of a circuit diagram of a typical electronic cruise control system. See the complete schematic on Page 507 of your textbook. Continued
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19. CAUTION: Most vehicle manufacturers warn in the owner’s manual that cruise control should not be used when it is raining or if the roads are slippery. Cruise control systems operate the throttle and, if the drive wheels start to hydroplane, the vehicle slows, causing the cruise control unit to accelerate the engine. When the engine is accelerated and the drive wheels are on a slippery road surface, vehicle stability will be lost and might possibly cause a crash. On many General Motors vehicles, the cruise control will not work if the third brake light is out. This third brake light is called the centrally high-mounted stop light or CHMSL. Always check the brake lights first if the cruise control does not work on a GM vehicle. Check the Third Brake Light
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23. Figure 45–8 Checking a rear-window defogger grid with a voltmeter. As the voltmeter positive lead is moved along the grid (on the inside of the vehicle), the voltmeter reading should steadily decrease as the meter approaches the ground side of the grid. Continued
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25. Figure 45–9 The typical repair material contains conductive silver-filled polymer; which dries in about 10 minutes and is usable in about 30 minutes. Continued
26. It is difficult to test for the proper operation of all grids of a rear-window defogger unless the rear window happens to be covered with fog. A common trick that works is to turn on the rear defogger and exhale onto the outside of the rear-window glass. In a manner similar to that of people cleaning eyeglasses with their breath, this procedure produces a temporary fog on the glass so that all sections of the rear grids can quickly be checked for proper operation. The Breath Test
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28. Figure 45–10 A typical HomeLink ® garage door opener buttons. Notice that three different units can be controlled from the vehicle using the HomeLink system. Continued
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34. Figure 45–11 Segment of typical power window circuit using PM motors. Direction Control of operation is achieved by directing polarity of the current through the nongrounded motors. Ground for the entire system is located at the master control (driver’s side) switch assembly. See the complete schematic on Page 511 of your textbook.
35. Figure 45–12 (a) The independent (driver’s door) power window switch plate looks like a normal simple switch until you turn it over (b) Notice that this power window contains a large integrated circuit with a lot of other electronic components to operate the express up and express down. Continued
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40. Many vehicles are equipped with automatic operation that can cause the window to go all the way down (or up) if the switch is depressed beyond a certain point or held for a fraction of a second. Sometimes this feature is lost if the battery in the vehicle has been disconnected. While this programming procedure can vary depending on the make and model, many times the window(s) can be reprogrammed without using a scan tool by depressing and holding the down button for 5 to 10 seconds. If the vehicle is equipped with an auto-up feature, repeat the procedure by holding the button up for 5 to 10 seconds. Always check service information for the specified method to use for the vehicle being serviced . Programming Auto-Down Power Windows
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42. Figure 45–14 A typical power seat transmission assembly. Even though many of these units can be disassembled, they are designed to be replaced as an assembly if any part is defective. Continued
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48. Power seats use an electric motor or motors to move the position of the seat. These electric motors turn small cables that operate mechanisms that move the seat. Never place rags, newspapers, or any other object under a power seat. Even ice scrapers can get caught between moving parts of the seat and can often cause serious damage or jamming of the power seat. What Every Driver Should Know About Power Seats
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50. Figure 45–17 A typical memory seat module showing the three-wire potentiometer used to determine seat position. Continued
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53. Some General Motors vehicles are equipped with memory seats that allow the seat to move rearward when the ignition is turned off to allow easy exit from the vehicle. Vehicles equipped with this feature include an exit/entry button that is used to program the desired exit/entry position of the seat for each of two drivers. If the vehicle is not equipped with this feature and only one driver usually uses the vehicle, the second memory position can be programmed for easy exit and entry. Simply set position one to the desired seat position and position two to the entry/exit position. Then, when exiting the vehicle, press memory number 2 to allow easy exit and easy entry the next time. Press memory one when in the vehicle to return the seat memory to the desired driving position. Easy Exit Seat Programming
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58. Figure 45–18 The heating wires of a heated seat are a replaceable part, but it does require that the upholstery be removed. Continued
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62. Many heated and cooled cup holders use a thermo-electric device which uses the Peltier effect to cool or heat depending on the polarity of the current flowing through the unit. While some cooled glove boxes and cup holders use the air-conditioning system to cool, the thermo-electric device is the most efficient way to provide either cooling or heating. Do Heated and Cooled Cup Holders Work?
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64. Figure 45–19 The heated steering wheel is controlled by a switch on the steering wheel on this vehicle. Continued
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71. The Troxler Effect , also called Troxler fading , is a visual effect where an image remains on the retina of the eye for a short time after the image has been removed. The effect was discovered in 1804 by Igney Paul Vital Troxler (1780–1866), a Swiss physician. Because of the Troxler effect, headlight glare can remain on the retina of the eye and create a blind spot. At night, this fading away of the bright lights from the vehicle in the rear reflected by the rearview mirror can cause a hazard. What is the Troxler Effect?
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73. The owner complained that while driving, either one or the other outside mirror would fold in without any button being depressed. Unable to verify the customer concern, the service technician looked at the owner’s manual to find out exactly how the mirrors were supposed to work. The Case of the Haunted Mirrors Figure 45–23 The electric mirror control is located on the driver’s side door panel on this Cadillac Escalade. In the owner’s manual, was a caution statement that said that if the mirror is electrically folded inward and then manually pushed out, the mirror will not lock into position. The power folding mirrors must be electrically cycled outward, using the mirror switches to lock them in position After cycling both mirrors inward and outward, the problem was solved.
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84. Figure 45–27 A typical shock sensor used in alarm and anti-theft systems. If the vehicle is moved, the magnet will move relative to the coil inducing a small voltage, triggering the alarm. Continued
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95. Figure 45–30 The Passlock series of General Motors security systems use a conventional key. The magnet is located in the ignition lock cylinder and triggers the Hall-effect sensors. Continued
98. Figure 45–31 Corrosion or faults at the junction between the wiring and the rear-window electrical grid are the source of many rear-window defogger problems.