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Music Education
- 1. Music Education M a t t P e n a
- 2. Overview Music/Music Education History Fields of music Economic effects No Child Left Behind Act Parent/Teacher opinions Importance of music Conclusion
- 3. The origins of music Music - an art of sound in time that expresses ideas and emotions through elements of rhythm, melody and harmony. African tribes disperse across the world The “oldest known song” - 4,000 years ago http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/s1105308.htm Kilmer, Crocker, Brown, Sounds from Silence, 1976, Bit Enki, Berkeley, Calif
- 4. What is Music Education? Associated with teaching and learning of music. Touches on music appreciation and sensitivity. Important in human culture and behavior. http://www.uky.edu/FineArts/Music/education/img/DSC00102.jpg Yudkin, J. (2008). Understanding Music (p. 4). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson/Prentice Hall.
- 5. Music Education Cont. Professional teachers with experience and college degree. Music books. CDs, friends, family. http://www.bbc.co.uk/lincolnshire/content/images/2006/08/10/3_music_book_470x352.jpg http://www.odt.co.nz/files/story/2009/08/ award_winning_logan_park_high_school_jazz_band_per_1233974083.jpg
- 6. History of Music education 18th century in the U.S. Reverend Thomas Symmes Purpose: improve singing and music reading in the church Singing schools spread throughout colonies. Music textbooks were created. “An Introduction to the Singing of Psalm Tunes Using Non-Traditional Notation” http://campus.belmont.edu/honors/macedonian/10thParisPsalterDavidHarp.jpg http://web.archive.org/web/20070927201838/http://www.bsu.edu/classes/bauer/hpmused/ colonial.html
- 7. Current Education More school programs. Different types of programs (Concert Band, Choir, Orchestra) More colleges are focusing on the music field. Music Schools (Berklee in Boston, Julliard in New York) Musical oppurtunities http://gapyx.com/cmt/2008/10/dfrh_berklee.jpg http://www.massmentor.edu/school_logos/MASSMentor/Berklee_College_of_Music/ Berklee_College_of_Music2.jpg http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2227/2139064083_fa0e5dd401.jpg
- 8. Music Performance Main field of study for musicians Practice instrument with warm-up pieces. Play arrangements band director hands out. Show what you’ve learned in concerts. http://www.fvacademy.org/pictures/Group_274.jpg
- 9. Music Theory How music works. Identifies patterns and structures found in composers’ techniques. Fundamentals - pitch, rhythm, melody, harmony, scales and modes. http://guitaristguitarist.com/images/circle_of_fifths.jpg http://www.educational-freeware.com/images/music-theory/note-duration.gif Stevens, Volkmann, and Newman 1937, 185; Josephs 1967, 53–54
- 10. Music Business Sells compositions, recordings, and performances. Music publishers, record label executives, managers, A&R representatives. Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group, and EMI. Recorded music sales dropped. http://www.musicatnorthbrook.com/images/uploads/contract.jpg http://sunnyvale.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/21152BF9-D562-4563-9C2C-3663DA4DD5F9/0/ BusinessHandshake.jpg http://www.economist.com/background/displayBackground.cfm?story_id=10498664
- 11. Music production Job - manage the work of an artist’ music. Coaching the musicians, controlling the recording sessions, gathering the ideas of the product, and supervising the final production through mixing and mastering. Music producer is to film director. Famous producers: Rick Rubin, T- Bone Burnett,Timbaland, Dr Dre and Quincy Jones. http://emreyazgin.com/images/SAE_image_400.jpg http://free-loops.com/average-salary-for-a-music-producer.php
- 12. Why is this important?
- 13. Economic Downturn National Economic Recession No Child Left Behind Act District level funding has diminished. Parents cannot keep up financially. http://www.vh1savethemusic.com/sites/default/files/PDFs/MENC %20Eastern%202009%20Advocacy.pdf
- 14. Music Teachers Instruct individuals on music performance, theory and appreciation. Full-time or part-time. Work at home, schools, or music conservatories. http://www.ffonic.co.uk http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/108/Music- Teacher.html
- 15. Music Teachers cont. School teachers - choir, concert band, marching band, orchestra. Technical aspects of music Private teachers - give lessons, teach theory, performance, appreciation and other musical skills http://careers.stateuniversity.com/pages/108/Music-Teacher.html http://staff.potsdam.k12.ny.us/~tmadeja/choir.jpg http://www.lsrhs.net/departments/FATA/music/images2/band-clinic.jpg
- 16. No Child Left Behind Passed by George W. Bush Purpose: to improve a students academic performance. Main focus: testing Less focus: art programs http://www.palmbeach.k12.fl.us/drea/pro_devel/pro_devel/images/ j0408891%5B1%5D.jpg http://i.telegraph.co.uk/telegraph/multimedia/archive/01011/george- bush-460_1011810c.jpg Beveridge, Tina. “No Child Left Behind and Fine Arts Classes.” MasterFILE Premier. Web. 2 Dec. 2009.
- 17. Pros Focuses on reading, writing and math. Notifies parents for student achievements. Requires schools to focus on every student, even the underprivileged. http://www.libraries.wvu.edu/elizas/images/studying.jpg http://usliberals.about.com/od/education/i/NCLBProsCons_2.htm
- 18. Cons Cuts on non-tested school subjects. Too much test focus. Teacher qualification standards. Teacher shortages.
- 19. Statistics About 62% of districts increased english/math time. Since 2002, 46% English increase, 37% math increase, 42% combined increase. 44% of districts cut time from other subjects. Average cut time - 30 min a day. http://www.cep-dc.org/press/Curriculum%20Release%20Final.pdf http://www.edweek.org/media/2005/09/13/s7c_nclb.jpg
- 20. Diminished Aid Less funding Parents are in charge Families pay more Schools and parents cannot afford everything. http://www.topnews.in/files/Stress.jpg http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/charter-schools-get-less-money-per- student-study-says/
- 21. Problems Concerning Music Teachers Less funding. Music programs being cut. Less job opportunities. Teachers losing jobs. http://www.musiceducationmadness.com/nclb.shtml http://www.nsrmta.ca/images/piano-teacher-2.jpg
- 22. Texas Teacher Opinion “Being from Texas and George Bush who created this TAAS test debacle 6 years ago, we have had this problem for awhile now. The parents hate it and have tried to get people to actually boycott the test since so much emphasis is put on it, but to no avail. I actually complained to the superintendent of schools after I got nowhere with the principal at my daughter's school. She had made straight A's on her report card all year and then failed the TAAS reading test. They were going to make her drop out of band the following year so she could take 2 classes of English!!! It also required her to take summer school starting the following week of the letter we received, and re-take the test, regardless of any summer vacations that might have been planned!! Unbelievable!! I tried so hard to get them to realize that we are not all Einsteins in this world and thank God there were Beethoven's and Chopin's! But, it was pointless because the school's only way to be recognized was by these stupid tests. So consequently, all teachers do now is teach kids the tricks of taking these tests. Forget any real teaching! Even in the school I'm teaching, students get tutored during my music class!!!! And then on top of it, students who voluntarily were taking tutoring after school suggested by some teachers, were not allowed to take my after school choir classes! So I offered a before school choir for those poor students! I told the principal that these students need an outlet from academics!!! Don't take everything away from them!”
- 23. North Carolina Teacher “A first grade teacher and I began an after-school club called, Music Makers. We selected the eight lowest performing and eight highest performing first graders to participate. Their selection was based solely on Reading Assessment scores in September. I basically used music to teach/enhance reading and math skills. The first grade teacher helped me to identify first grade standards in reading and math that should be taught. I have written about this club to the list before. We used the charts and songs called,"Growing With Mathematics." They are published by the Wright Group and go along with their math series. Each song was about a math skill, but we also read them and used them as reading lessons. These students played the songs on the piano, boomwhackers, bells, and Big Foot Keyboard. They read and sang the songs many different ways. I made PowerPoints for each song and used pictures of the children to illustrate them. It was a big success. You would not believe their Reading scores at the end of the year. The slower students all reached grade level proficiency except for two. One has now been identified as SPED and the other missed it by one level. Their growth was still astounding. The Reading Assessment tool that my school system uses says that a child must be at level 16 by the end of first grade. The high achieving students excelled as well. They all exceeded 16 by several levels, one as high as 40. I know that our after-school club was not the sole reason for their academic growth. But...I like to think we had a part in it.”
- 24. Save The Music Program Purpose: provide sustainable music programs New instruments Funding for music teachers. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_cwUF9NJJBIM/Sp9AOJBuS7I/AAAAAAAAF18/ _y1Gnl6Uovk/s320/vh1_savethemusic.gif http://www.vh1savethemusic.com/node/14
- 25. Program History Founded in 1997 John Syke’s inspiration PS 58 - The Carroll School Need for musical instruments http://www.popgadget.net/images/save-the-music-pacific.jpg
- 26. Successful Music Students
- 27. Quincy Jones
- 28. Importance of music Teamwork and creativity Better grades Better chance of getting a good job Brings happiness http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_gx5XI79rq1s/SVuhNMxBcZI/AAAAAAAAADc/w_e0fpRdq-o/s320/ DSCF3361.JPG http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/45579000/jpg/_45579976_young_musician.jpg http://www.vh1savethemusic.com/sites/default/files/PDFs/MENC%20Eastern %202009%20Advocacy.pdf
- 29. What you can do! Become active in committees. Donate Get more students to participate Speak out http://www.vh1savethemusic.com/sites/default/files/PDFs/MENC%20Eastern %202009%20Advocacy.pdf
- 30. Conclusion Music and other art programs are important in school because students become academically successful with a wider variety of knowledge. Schools should not rely on core subjects and testing to make a child ready for life once they are out of school.
Notes de l'éditeur
- Around 50,000 years ago, African tribes would pray through song and dance. Once the Africans spread across the world, music became a European culture. The first known song dates back to 4,000 years ago (before 500 AD). It was deciphered by Prof. Anne Draffkorn Kilmer (University of Calif. Berkley).
- Music education is the field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music. Teachers also touch up on topics such as music appreciation and sensitivity. Music education is common in most nations because it is considered an important component of human culture and behavior.
- Music students are usually taught by professional teachers with years of experience and a college degree. Students can also use music books to learn how to read and play music. People also learn about music by listening to Music education CDs with ear training and music theory examples. Friends and family who have an understanding of music can also teach students different musical topics.
- The first singing school was created in Boston, Massachusetts in 1717 by Reverend Thomas Symmes. The purpose of the school was for students to improve their singing and music reading in the church. Schools like these spread through the U.S. colonies The first music textbook of the colonies was created by Reverend John Tufts which was called “An Introduction to the Signing of Psalm Tunes using Non-Traditional Notation.” Between 1700 and 1820 more than 375 music books were published.
- More schools have adding music programs to their curriculum. There are different types of music programs, including Concert Band, Choir, and Orchestra. There are more colleges with music programs. There are even colleges specified for music (Berklee, Julliard). There now are plenty of musical oppurtunities when going to a music school. You can study music performance, business, education, therapy, sound recording etc.
- Music performance is the main field of study for musicians. You practice your instrumental technicality with warm-up pieces and play different arrangements the band director hands out. Once you have practiced your arrangements, you perform in concerts to show what you have learned.
- Music theory is a field of study that justifies how music works. It identifies patterns and structures found in composers’ techniques within genres, styles, or historical periods. There are many different elements of music, some include: pitch, rhythm, melody, harmony, scales and modes.
- The Music Industry sells compositions, recording, and performances of music. Some jobs of the music industry includes: music publishers, record label executives, managers, and Artist & Repertoire representatives. The four major record labels that dominate the music industry are Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, Warner Music Group and EMI. Who who have smaller labels within their company. Since the year 2000, recorded music sales have dropped substantially due to downloading.
- The main purpose of a music producer is the manage the work of an artist’ music. Some other things that a producer does is coaching the musicians, controlling the recording sessions, gathering the ideas of the product, and supervising the final production through mixing and mastering. A music producer could be compared to a director in the film industry, as his job is the create a vision for the style of music they would like to create. Some famous producers today are Rick Rubin, T-Bone Burnett, Timbaland, Dr. Dre and Quincy Jones.
- So, why are all these fields of music important in our society? Because without these different studies of music, we will not have developed music into what it is today. Due to the economic crisis in America, schools have began to drop their music programs. Without music programs, students will not be able to study the theory and performance of music in school. Students could lose interest in music and leave their dreams of because in the industry behind. This is why we have to do something in order to keep music alive.
- Because of the national economic recession, many school cut their music programs completely. The No Child Left Behind Act made schools focus more on students becoming successful academically, and payed less attention to art programs. The state no longer chips in to help art programs, so parents have to pay for their child. Because of the recession, parents cannot afford for their child to attend music programs.
- Music teachers instruct individuals on music performance, theory and appreciation. They can work full-time or part-time. They usually work at home, elementary or secondary schools, colleges, universities, or music conservatories.
- Elementary or Secondary School teachers usually direct the school’s choir, concert band, marching band, or orchestra. They teach students about the technical aspects of music, like music performance and theory. Private teachers usually give lessons to an individual or a group of people for a specific instrument. They also teach things like theory, performance, appreciation and other musical skills.
- The No Child Left Behind Act is a law passed in 2001 by former President George W. Bush. The purpose is to improve a students academic performance. Its main focus is to improve students’ test scores and scoring abilities. The Act made school lose interest in their art programs and focus more on the students testing.
- The No Child Left Behind Act focuses mainly on subjects like reading, writing and math. Parents are notified annually for a student’s educational achievements. The Act requires schools to focus on every student, even the underprivileged. Like students with disabilities, low-income families, and non-English speakers.
- Most states have been forced to make budget cuts on non-tested school subjects such as science, art and music, physical education and social studies. Teachers are pressured to teach more test-taking skills rather than a wide range of subjects. Higher standards have been set new teachers. They are required to have one or more specific college degrees and pass a number of proficiency tests. The problem with these standards is that it is harder to find a teacher qualified for certain subjects which makes the shortage of teachers worse than it already is.
- About 62 percent of districts in the U.S. increased their time on English and/or math subjects. Since 2002, those districts have had an average increase of 46% for English, 37% for math, and a 42% increase for both subjects combined. Also, 44% of districts have reported of cutting time from other subjects such as science, art and music, physical education, lunch and recess. The average cut time for these subjects is about 30 minutes a day. The graph is showing what people think about No Child Left Behind Act and whether districts leaders need to play a larger role in the community or not.
- Due to the economic recession, less government funding for school programs has been climbing higher each year. Now, parents have become more involved with the music programs. They have created organizations like the Music Boosters to provide support for student and teacher musical activities, equipment, and events. But, the problem is that some schools and parents cannot afford everything they need for their music programs, so schools drop it to save money.
- Some problems concerning music teachers are that there is less funding for the arts. Music programs are being cut from the curriculum so schools can focus on core subjects like English and math. There is less job opportunities for new music teachers because schools don’t have the money to hire them and give them a salary. Some music teachers are also losing their jobs because of the school’s budget.
- This teacher’s main focus is about the problems concerning the TAAS test and how it effected the local students, parents, and teachers. She says how she tried to get parents to boycott the test, and how she’s complained to the principal of her daughter’s school. Her daughter got straight A’s on her report card but failed the TAAS test. The next year she had to drop out of band and take two English classes. The Texas music teacher believes that students cannot just focus on academics and testing, they need other programs like art, music and physical education.
- Two elementary school teachers created an after school club called “Music Makers”. The selected the eight lowest performing and eight highest performing first graders to participate. In this club, the teachers used music to teach/enhance reading and math skills. The students would play with toy instruments and sing to learn about different reading and math topics. At the end of the year, the students’ Reading scores were a grade level proficiency and they achieved a substantial level of academic growth. The teachers are trying to prove that music can be a good way for students to learn while having fun.
- The purpose of this program is to provide sustainable music programs for children regardless of their financial situation. The foundation brings new instruments to elementary and middle schools. It also commits to funding music teachers’ salaries, providing maintenance, supplies, and scheduling.
- The Save The Music Program was founded in 1997 as a public affairs initiative of the VH1 network. Former head of the network, John Syke’s found inspiration when he was “principal for a day” at the Brooklyn school PS 58 - The Carroll School. He noticed the schools great need for musical instruments and decided to dig deeper into the struggles of music education. He decided to create an organization to help schools in need.
- John Mayer is a Berklee College of Music Alumnus. He is signed to a major record label (Columbia Records). According to RollingStone Magazine, he was named as one of the greatest guitarists of the decade. He is now a successful singer/songwriter in today’s music industry.
- Quincy Jones is also a Berklee College of Music alumnus. He produced Michael Jackson’s “Thriller” album and the famous charity song “We Are The World”. Throughout his career, he has been nominated for a Grammy 79 times and has won 27 Grammys. He is considered won of the greatest music producers in American history.
- Music shows a sense of teamwork and creativity within the student. Music enhances the students’ critical thinking skills. Studies show that music students tend to have better reading and math grades than most. 74% of employers agree than creativity is an important factor in the U.S. workplace. Music brings happiness and joy the both performers and listeners.
- So what can you do to help keep music programs in schools? You can become active in school and district planning committees. Donate anything (instruments, money, etc.) to your school to give them support. Get your children involved with music to show interest in the schools’ music programs. Talk with your local community to gather supporters to show the importance of music in schools.