2. Assessing Background Knowledge
• When did the French Revolution take place?
• What were the causes of the French Revolution?
• Who were some important historical figures or leaders of the
French Revolution?
• When did the French Revolution end?
• Was the French Revolution violent?
• Why is Napoleon Bonaparte an important figure in French history?
• What did he have to do with the French Revolution?
• What books have your read or movies have you seen about the
French Revolution?
• How accurate do you think those accounts were?
• What other things do you want to know about the French
Revolution or Napoleon?
4. Life in France Before the Revolution
These are images of life in eighteenth-
century France before the French
Revolution. As you view the images,
think about how you would answer the
questions below:
1. Describe the images of King
Louis XVI and the images of the
French peasants.
2. Compare the life of the
monarchy with the life of the
peasants. What differences do
you see?
5. Life in France Before the Revolution
These are images of life in eighteenth-
century France before the French
Revolution. As you view the images,
think about how you would answer the
questions below:
1. Describe the images of King
Louis XVI and the images of the
French peasants.
2. Compare the life of the
monarchy with the life of the
peasants. What differences do
you see?
6. Life in France Before the Revolution
These are images of life in eighteenth-
century France before the French
Revolution. As you view the images,
think about how you would answer the
questions below:
1. Describe the images of King
Louis XVI and the images of the
French peasants.
2. Compare the life of the
monarchy with the life of the
peasants. What differences do
you see?
7. Life in France Before the Revolution
These are images of life in eighteenth-
century France before the French
Revolution. As you view the images,
think about how you would answer the
questions below:
1. Describe the images of King
Louis XVI and the images of the
French peasants.
2. Compare the life of the
monarchy with the life of the
peasants. What differences do
you see?
8. What is a Revolution?
Revolution: a fundamental change that has occurred
rapidly
Political revolution: a fundamental and rapid change in
government
Economic revolution: a fundamental change in how an
economy is structured
Social revolution: a fundamental change in society and
culture
9. Causes of the French
Revolution
GUIDING QUESTIONS How did the structure of social classes in France
lead to discontent? How did the economic crises lead to the meeting of
the Estates-General?
11. The Three Estates
The robed figure
represents the clergy,
the First Estate.
Represented by the
Catholic Church, the
clergy held a great deal
of social and political
influence despite being
few in number compared
to either population.
12. The Three Estates
The armored figure
represents the nobility,
the second Estate.
Nobles had a great deal
of political and military
influence in France but
represented less than
two percent of the total
population.
13. The Three Estates
The crouched figure at
the bottom of the
cartoon represents the
commoners, the Third
Estate. These people,
the vast majority of
society, bore nearly all
of economic and labor
burdens in France.
14. The Three Estates
The circular object with
the crown pushing down
on the middle figure
represents the
monarchy, which is
burdening the people
with taxes.
17. Enlightenment Ideas and the Revolution
What ideas did the philosophes contribute to the French
Revolution?
Philosophe Important Work Key Ideas
The principle of separation of powers
The Spirit of the
Montesquieu helps a government operate properly
Laws
without oppressive power.
Deism: the universe operates like a
Treatise on mechanical clock set to motion.
Voltaire
Toleration Religious toleration: “All men are
brothers under God.”
The Social Society should be governed by the
Rousseau
Contract general will of all citizens.
18. Economic Conditions Increase Opposition to Government
How did economic conditions increase opposition to the
government?
• Food shortages, rising prices, and unemployment
angered many of the people in France.
• Citizens were unhappy with the monarchy’s heavy
spending on wars and on personal luxuries.
• Economic traditions - such as the tax system - favored
the upper class, and the middle class wanted change and
social justice.
19. France’s Tax System
• Taxes were based on tradition and custom.
• Taxes were unfairly applied.
• 3 important unfair taxes: taille, gabelle, and vingtième.
Name of tax Type of tax Why it was important
Taille property tax paid mostly by peasants
paid only by some regions; varied by
Gabelle salt tax
region
intended to collect 1/20th of a person’s
Vingtième income tax income; paid mostly by poor and
middle class
20. The Three Estates
Choose from the characteristics below which ones apply to each column.
Characteristics may apply to more than one estate.
First Estate Second Estate Third Estate
• Many had little or no land • Peasants
• Sought to expand their • Shopkeepers and skilled
power craftspeople
• Clergy • Held many leading
• Exempt from the taille government positions
• Bourgeoisie • Some aristocrats and nobles
• Many had feudal obligations • Nobility
21. The Three Estates
Choose from the characteristics below which ones apply to each column.
Characteristics may apply to more than one estate.
First Estate Second Estate Third Estate
• Clergy • Nobility • Peasants
• Some aristocrats and • Held many leading • Shopkeepers and
nobles government positions skilled craftspeople
• Exempt from the • Sought to expand • Bourgeoisie
taille their power • Many had little or no
• Exempt from the land
taille • Many had feudal
obligations
22. The Three Estates
Identify what group each label represents on the charts.
Bourgoeisie Nobility Clergy Peasants
23. The Three Estates
Identify what group each label represents on the charts.
ie
s
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ty
ie
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is
ili
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Cl
Cl
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25. Bread Riots
In 1788, bad weather
reduced the amount of
grain produced by nearly
25 percent. The
following year, bread
prices nearly doubled, a
situation that was made
worse as some began to
hoard grain in fear of
shortages.
26. Bread Riots
Bread was a staple of
the French diet, so the
spike in price angered
people, and they took to
the streets to criticize
the government for not
doing anything to help.
27. Bread Riots
In the spring of 1789,
increasingly desperate
and hungry Parisians
began rioting at bakeries
and markets, attacking
bankers and milliners
and simply taking the
bread they wanted.
28. Bread Riots
This drawing represents
the riot that occurred
when Parisians
discovered that François
the Baker had been
saving bread for
members of the National
Assembly.
30. What Is The Third Estate?
“ Who then shall dare to say that In January 1789 the French people
were choosing who woud represent
the Third Estate has not within them at the meeting of the Estates-
itself all that is necessary for the General, France’s parliament. A
formation of a complete nation? It member of the clergy, the Abbé Sieyès,
is the strong and robust man who published a pamphlet called What Is
has one arm still shackled. If the the Third Estate? In the pamphlet,
privileged order should be Sieyès argued that the Third Estate
should have the power to draft a
abolished, the nation would be
constitution for France.
nothing less, but something more.
Therefore, what is the Third In this excerpt from the pamphlet,
Estate? Everything; but an Sieyès refers to the First and Second
everything shackled and Estates as “the privileged order.”
oppressed. What would it be
without the privileged order?
Everything, but an everything free
and flourishing. Nothing can What is Sieyès saying that the
succeed without it, everything roles of the privileged order and
would be infinitely better without the Third Estates should be in
the others. ” governing France?
31. The National Assembly
GUIDING QUESTIONS Why did the Third Estate declare itself to be the
National Assembly? What were the French peasants reacting to in their
rebellions of 1789?
32. Meeting of the Estates-General
• In 1789, King Louis XVI convened a meeting of the
French Parliament, which was called the Estates-General.
• The Estates-General, which had not met since 1614,
consisted of representatives of France’s three estates.
• The King had called the meeting because the government
had run out of money and the king wanted to change the
tax system to raise money.
33. Cahiers de Doléance
• When members of the three estates met to choose their
representatives in the Estates-General in 1789, they drew
up lists of grievances called cahiers de doléance.
• All three estates agreed that there needed to be major
constitutional reform.
• All three estates wanted a representative government
that would change the absolute powers of the monarch
but not eliminate social distinctions.
• The First and Second Estates - the clergy and the nobility
- seemed ready for equality of taxation and the abolition
of censorship.
34. Cahiers de Doléance
• The First and Second Estates wanted to keep religion
prominent in society.
• The peasants mainly had problems with the privileges of
the nobility.
• Urban inhabitants took issue with specific people evading
taxes, wanted the abolition of certain tolls, and pushed
for bridge repair.
35. Meeting of the Estates-General
• A radical minority called the Patriots wanted
➡ a written constitution
➡ to limit the king’s power
➡ elimination of legal privilege
➡ a representative assembly
• Members of the Third Estate demanded that the voting
system be changed so that they had as many votes as
the other two estates combined. The king disagreed.
• The members of the Third Estate took an oath, declaring
that they would continue to meet until there was a new
constitution.
37. The Tennis Court Oath
On June 17, 1789, members of the Third Estate
attending the Estates-general assembly realized
that the traditional form of voting - in which the
privileged class’s (nobles and clergy) vote had
more weight than the commoners’ vote - would
leave them virtually powerless. To protect their
interests, they declared themselves the National
Assembly and threatened to act as France’s
governing body on their own.
38. The Tennis Court Oath
On June 20, the members of the National
Assembly found they were locked out of
their meeting room, presumably by Louis
XVI, so they occupied one of the king’s
indoor tennis courts. The assembly vowed
to stay in the tennis court until a new
constitution was established in France.
39. The Tennis Court Oath
One week later, in light of the National
Assembly’s solidarity and the support they
were gathering from commoners, King Louis
XVI ordered the nobles and the clergy to join
with the Third Estate in constituting the New
National Constituent Assembly. At the same
time, Louis XVI began to organize troops to
break up the assembly.
40. The Tennis Court Oath
The French artist Jacques-Louis David painted
this scene, titled “Le Sermentde Jeu de Paume,”
or “The Tennis Court Oath,” in 1791.
43. The Siege of the Bastille
On July 14, 1789, protesters demanded
that the ammunition and weaponry from
the Bastille be given to them. Although
there were only seven prisoners in the
Bastille at the time, the guards refused to
turn over the artillery to the mob.
44. The Siege of the Bastille
The Bastille, built originally as a medieval
fort, was used for many years as a prison
where kings would house political prisoners.
For the French, it became a symbol of the
vicious rule of Bourbon monarchs.
45. The Siege of the Bastille
The protesters attacked and captured the
prison, releasing the prisoners and taking
up the arms stored within. The attack on
the Bastille is considered by many to be the
start of the French Revolution.
48. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Written and adopted by the National Assembly in August 1789, the Declaration of the Rights of Man
and of the Citizen was inspired by the French Enlightenment thinkers Montesquieu and Rousseau, as
well as by the English Bill of Rights and the United States’ Declaration of Independence and
Constitution. The National Assembly set out 17 articles that asserted the freedom and rights of all
men, established a separation of powers and limited the powers of the monarch.
49. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Article I: Men are
born free and remain
free and equal in
rights. Social
distinctions may be
based only on
considerations of the
common good.
50. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Article V II: No man
may be accused,
arrested, or detained
except in the cases
determined by the Law,
and following the
procedure that it has
prescribed.
51. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
Article XI: The free
communication of ideas and
of opinions is one of the most
precious rights of man. Any
citizen may therefore speak,
write, and publish freely,
except what is tantamount to
the abuse of this liberty in
the cases determined by Law.
52. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
This French painting, titled Declaration
of the Rights of Man and Citizen, was
completed in 1789.
55. Parisian Women March to Versailles
On October 5, 1789, a group of women (and some men)
marched 15 miles from Paris to Versailles, where King Louis
XVI and the royal family were staying, to protest the
monarchy’s inaction regarding bread and grain shortages.
56. Parisian Women March to Versailles
Many of the women carried weapons abandoned
by the French Guard after soldiers decided to side
with the rebels against the monarchy.
57. Parisian Women March to Versailles
Unlike the rest of the women pictured, this woman is not
dressed as a Parisian woman of the Third Estate. Some
nobles and clergy joined the rebels against the king.
58. Parisian Women March to Versailles
This line engraving depicts Parisian women
marching to Versailles on October 5, 1789.
60. End of the Old Regime
GUIDING QUESTIONS How did the French Revolution enter a new
phase after the storming of the Bastille?
61. Changes to the Catholic Church in France
How was the Catholic Church changed during the French
Revolution?
• The National Assembly seized and sold off the Catholic
Church’s lands.
• The Catholic Church was brought under control of the
state.
• The hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church was
abolished.
➡ Bishops and priests were to be elected by the people rather
than appointed by the Church hierarchy.
➡ Bishops’ and priests’ salaries were to be paid by the state
rather than by the Church.
62. The Constitution of 1791
What were the major changes brought about by the
Constitution of 1791?
• Set up a limited monarchy: a Legislative Assembly as well
as the king.
• Made a distinction between active citizens, who could
vote, and passive citizens, who could not.
➡ Active citizens were men over 25 who owned property.
➡ Passive citizens had equal rights except for the ability to
vote.
• Provided for election, rather than appointment, of clergy,
government officials, and judges
64. The Arrest of Louis XVI at Varennes
In June 1791, Louis XVI still reigned in France as a constitutional monarch. However, on June
21, 1791, he and his family attempted to flee Paris for the German border. The king and his
family fled in disguise, but were recognized before they escaped the country. Louis XVI was
arrested in Varennes, a town in northeast France, and brought back to Paris. The king had lost
credibility, pushing France further toward abolishing the monarchy.
More about the image: Pierre Gabriel Berthault made this colored engraving, titled “The Arrest
of Louis XVI at Varennes on June 22, 1791,” after a drawing by Prieur.
66. Collapse of the Old Regime
Review: What events led to the collapse of the Old Regime?
• The meeting of the Estates-General.
• The creation of the National Assembly and the taking of
the Tennis Court Oath.
• The Storming of the Bastille
• The Great Fear
67. Reviewing the Causes of the Revolution
In the previous lesson you learned
about the causes of the French
Revolution. Jot down as many of these
causes as you can remember.
In July 1989, a mob stormed
the Bastille prison in Paris. This
act signaled the start of the
French Revolution.
68. The Move to Radicalism
GUIDING QUESTIONS Why did the French Revolution become more
radical?
69. The Move to Radicalism
Why was there a move to radicalism after 1791?
• There were price increases and economic shortages.
• Radicals, such as the sans-culottes, wanted all men to be
able to vote.
• There were rumors of royalist conspiracies.
• Louis XVI was opposed to the Constitution of 1791.
• Parisians were afraid and panicky because of the political
turmoil.
70. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Ruling body of France that established
Estates-General the French republic in 1792.
Governmental body established by the
National Assembly Constitution of 1792 to make laws.
Legislative Assembly Body established by the Third Estate
in 1792 to draft a constitution.
National Convention Formal body of deputies from the
First, Second and Third Estates
71. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Ruling body of France that established
Estates-General the French republic in 1792.
Governmental body established by the
National Assembly Constitution of 1792 to make laws.
Legislative Assembly Body established by the Third Estate
in 1792 to draft a constitution.
National Convention Formal body of deputies from the
First, Second and Third Estates
72. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Ruling body of France that established
Estates-General the French republic in 1792.
Governmental body established by the
National Assembly Constitution of 1792 to make laws.
Legislative Assembly Body established by the Third Estate
in 1792 to draft a constitution.
National Convention Formal body of deputies from the
First, Second and Third Estates
73. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Ruling body of France that established
Estates-General the French republic in 1792.
Governmental body established by the
National Assembly Constitution of 1792 to make laws.
Legislative Assembly Body established by the Third Estate
in 1792 to draft a constitution.
National Convention Formal body of deputies from the
First, Second and Third Estates
74. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Ruling body of France that established
Estates-General the French republic in 1792.
Governmental body established by the
National Assembly Constitution of 1792 to make laws.
Legislative Assembly Body established by the Third Estate
in 1792 to draft a constitution.
National Convention Formal body of deputies from the
First, Second and Third Estates
75. Fashion before the French Revolution
Wigs or hair were
According to layered into
sumptuary laws, only powdered curls.
noblemen could carry Sometimes a hat with
swords. feathers was pinned
on top.
Hats were worn on
top of elaborate
wigs or carried as
accessories. Hoops, crumpled
paper, or padding was
used to enlarge and
fluff the skirt.
Noblemen wore knee-
length, tight-fitting Only nobility could
breeches. Both men wear satin, lace and
and women wore silk fur according to
stockings. sumptuary laws.
76. Fashion After the French Revolution
Blue, white and red were Women of the Third
symbolic colors of the Estate wore a hat with a
revolution. It was badge and their hair
patriotic to wear the loose.
bonnet rouge.
Revolutionary women
wore man-styled
jackets over their
dresses.
Revolutionaries made a
political statement by
wearing longer trousers.
These men became
known as the sans- Practical fabrics and
culottes (without plain styles replaced
breeches). expensive fabrics and
fussy styles.
Both men and women
shunned high heels and wore
more practical leather or
wooden shoes.
77. Political Groups of the French Revolution
Greatest
Group Philosophy and Support Leader
Power
•Moderates in the push for
democratization.
•Led early opposition to absolute Jacques-Pierre
monarchy, but many opposed
Brissot (opponents
Girondins execution of Louis XVI. 1789-1792
often called the
•favored foreign war as a means of group “Brissotins”)
uniting France.
•Strong support from areas
outside Paris.
• Radicals who called for complete
egalitarianism in government.
• Used violence to control
opposition during Reign of Terror.
Maximilien
Jacobins • Advocated execution of the king.
Robespierre
1793-1794
• Led the dechristianization
movement.
• Strong support from groups in
Paris.
78. Political Groups of the French Revolution
Greatest
Group Philosophy and Support Leader
Power
• Most radical group in the National
Convention.
• Allied with Jacobins and opposed
Girondins.
• Led the Committee for Public Safety, Jean-Baptiste
Montagnards essentially ruling France in 1793-1794
1793-1794. Lindet
• Called “Montagnards” (mountain
men) because they sat on the highet
benches in the assembly; strong
support from sans-culottes.
• Centrists in the National Convention,
also the largest group.
• Originally sided with Girondins, but
voted with Jacobins/Montagnards for
the execution of Louis XVI. Emmanuel-Joseph
The Plain 1792-1795
• In 1794, helped overthrow Sieyès
government of extreme Jacobins
• Called “La Pleine” (The Plain)
because they sat in the lower levels
of the assembly.
79. Radical Revolution
Why might the guillotine have come to
symbolize the French Revolution?
Beginning in 1791, the French
Revolution entered a more radical
phase. No symbol is more closely
associated with the growing turmoil
in France than the guillotine. The
device was named after a French
doctor, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, who
helped push through a law requiring
that all executions be carried out by
the use of a machine. Beheading
had previously been reserved for
the nobility because it was quick
and relatively painless. Using the
machine ensured people who were
not nobility would also be executed
in a fast and less painful way.
80. The Reign of Terror
GUIDING QUESTIONS How did the new French government deal with crises?
81. Radicalization of the French Revolution
Why did the French Revolution radicalize?
• Radicals gained power after Louis XVI was executed.
➡ Jacobins club grew in numbers.
➡ Execution of Louis XVI outraged Europe.
• France was faced with domestic uprisings and external
threats.
➡ Committee of Public Safety was created to defend France.
82. Committee of Public Safety
What did the Committee of Public Safety do?
• Adopted policies that became known as the Reign of
Terror.
• Set up revolutionary courts.
• Prosecuted counterrevolutionaries.
• Called on all citizens to defend France.
• Tried to control and improve society through price
controls, primary education for all, and abolition of
slavery.
84. The Execution of King Louis XVI
King Louis XVI’s execution was held on
January 21, 1793, in Place de la Revolution,
a public square now known as Place de la
Concorde.
85. The Execution of King Louis XVI
A priest, Henry Essex Edgeworth,
accompanied the king. Edgeworth was an
Englishman living in France.
86. The Execution of King Louis XVI
The guillotine inflicted
capital punishment by
decapitation. It was
developed to be a
“humane” form of
execution. Introduced in
France in 1792, it was
used extensively during
the Reign of Terror.
87. The Execution of King Louis XVI
A soldier held up the severed
head of the king to the crowd.
88. The Execution of King Louis XVI
The National Convention judged Louis XVI a
traitor and condemned him to death. The
queen, Marie Antoinette, was guillotined
nine months later.
96. The Battle of Valmy
The French revolution had alarmed other monarchies in Europe, particularly those with ties to
Louis XVI. The experienced Austrian and Prussian armies expected to defeat the French and
march on to Paris in hopes of restoring the monarchy. At the Battle of Valmy on September 20,
1792, French forces turned back an invading Austrian-Prussian army, helping to secure the
French Republic’s survival. The battle was decided by the superiority of the French artillery,
which deterred a large-scale attack by the opposing forces. Horace Vernet painted this scene
from the Battle of Valmy in oil on canvas in 1826. Vernet lived from 1789 to 1863 and specialized
in painting large-scale military scenes.
99. The Execution of Robespierre
The guillotine was the
favored method of execution
during the French
Revolution. About 17,000
people were guillotined
during the Reign of Terror.
1,400 of these were
executed between June 10
and July 26, 1794, during
the Great Terror that
followed the enactment of
the Laws 22 Paririal. These
laws meant that the accused
could be sentenced to death
without an opportunity for
self-defense.
100. The Execution of Robespierre
From September 1793
through July 1794,
Maximilien Robespierre was
the most powerful person in
France, the chief architect of
the Reign of Terror. But on
July 27, 1794, the National
Convention turned against
its leader. Robespierre was
arrested. The next day,
without a trial, he was
executed.
101. The Execution of Robespierre
Executions were held in
public. In Paris, a guillotine
was set up in the Place de la
Revolution, a public square
in Paris. A depicted in this
illustration, Robespierre was
executed here, just as Louis
XVI had been executed 18
months earlier.
104. The End of Terror
The end of the Reign of Terror came swiftly. In the two months between
passage of the Law of 22 Prairial and its repeal, the Terror reached its height
and its bloody conclusion.
June 10, 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is instituted by the Committee of
Public Safety, eliminating the right of public trial. In the
next six weeks, about 1,400 suspects are executed.
105. The End of Terror
The end of the Reign of Terror came swiftly. In the two months between
passage of the Law of 22 Prairial and its repeal, the Terror reached its height
and its bloody conclusion.
June 10, 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is instituted by the Committee of
Public Safety, eliminating July 26, of public trial. In the
the right 1794
next six weeks, about 1,400 suspects are the National
Robespierre delivers a speech to executed.
Convention, denouncing supposed terrorist plots
against the Republic.
106. The End of Terror
The end of the Reign of Terror came swiftly. In the two months between
passage of the Law of 22 Prairial and its repeal, the Terror reached its height
and its bloody conclusion.
June 10, 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is instituted by the Committee of
Public Safety, eliminating July 26, of public trial. In the
the right 1794
next six weeks, about 1,400 suspects are the National
Robespierre delivers a speech to executed.
Convention, denouncing supposed terrorist plots
against JulyRepublic.
the 27, 1794
The Convention turns against Robespierre and orders
his arrest.
107. The End of Terror
The end of the Reign of Terror came swiftly. In the two months between
passage of the Law of 22 Prairial and its repeal, the Terror reached its height
and its bloody conclusion.
June 10, 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is instituted by the Committee of
Public Safety, eliminating July 26, of public trial. In the
the right 1794
next six weeks, about 1,400 suspects are the National
Robespierre delivers a speech to executed.
Convention, denouncing supposed terrorist plots
against JulyRepublic.
the 27, 1794
The Convention turns against Robespierre and orders
his arrest.
July 28, 1794
Robespierre and several of his followers are executed
without trial, putting an end to the Reign of Terror.
108. The End of Terror
The end of the Reign of Terror came swiftly. In the two months between
passage of the Law of 22 Prairial and its repeal, the Terror reached its height
and its bloody conclusion.
June 10, 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is instituted by the Committee of
Public Safety, eliminating July 26, of public trial. In the
the right 1794
next six weeks, about 1,400 suspects are the National
Robespierre delivers a speech to executed.
Convention, denouncing supposed terrorist plots
against JulyRepublic.
the 27, 1794
The Convention turns against Robespierre and orders
his arrest.
July 28, 1794
Robespierre and several of his followers are executed
without trial, putting an end to the Reign of Terror.
August 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is repealed.
109. The End of Terror
The end of the Reign of Terror came swiftly. In the two months between
passage of the Law of 22 Prairial and its repeal, the Terror reached its height
and its bloody conclusion.
June 10, 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is instituted by the Committee of
Public Safety, eliminating July 26, of public trial. In the
the right 1794
next six weeks, about 1,400 suspects are the National
Robespierre delivers a speech to executed.
Convention, denouncing supposed terrorist plots
against JulyRepublic.
the 27, 1794
The Convention turns against Robespierre and orders
his arrest.
July 28, 1794
Robespierre and several of his followers are executed
without trial, putting an end to the Reign of Terror.
August 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is repealed.
August 1795
The National Convention approves a new constitution.
110. The End of Terror
The end of the Reign of Terror came swiftly. In the two months between
passage of the Law of 22 Prairial and its repeal, the Terror reached its height
and its bloody conclusion.
June 10, 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is instituted by the Committee of
Public Safety, eliminating July 26, of public trial. In the
the right 1794
next six weeks, about 1,400 suspects are the National
Robespierre delivers a speech to executed.
Convention, denouncing supposed terrorist plots
against JulyRepublic.
the 27, 1794
The Convention turns against Robespierre and orders
his arrest.
July 28, 1794
Robespierre and several of his followers are executed
without trial, putting an end to the Reign of Terror.
August 1794
The Law of 22 Prairial is repealed.
August 1795
The National Convention approves a new constitution.
November 1795
Under the new constitution, the Directory assumes
power.
111. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Body given broad powers by the
National Convention; initiated the
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror.
Directory Radical, popularly run local city
government in Paris.
Paris Commune Five-member executive branch
created by the Constitution of 1795.
Council of 500 Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to approve laws.
Council of Elders
Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to draft laws.
112. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Body given broad powers by the
National Convention; initiated the
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror.
Directory Radical, popularly run local city
government in Paris.
Paris Commune Five-member executive branch
created by the Constitution of 1795.
Council of 500 Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to approve laws.
Council of Elders
Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to draft laws.
113. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Body given broad powers by the
National Convention; initiated the
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror.
Directory Radical, popularly run local city
government in Paris.
Paris Commune Five-member executive branch
created by the Constitution of 1795.
Council of 500 Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to approve laws.
Council of Elders
Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to draft laws.
114. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Body given broad powers by the
National Convention; initiated the
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror.
Directory Radical, popularly run local city
government in Paris.
Paris Commune Five-member executive branch
created by the Constitution of 1795.
Council of 500 Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to approve laws.
Council of Elders
Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to draft laws.
115. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Body given broad powers by the
National Convention; initiated the
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror.
Directory Radical, popularly run local city
government in Paris.
Paris Commune Five-member executive branch
created by the Constitution of 1795.
Council of 500 Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to approve laws.
Council of Elders
Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to draft laws.
116. Governmental Groups
Match each group to its description
Body given broad powers by the
National Convention; initiated the
Committee of Public Safety
Reign of Terror.
Directory Radical, popularly run local city
government in Paris.
Paris Commune Five-member executive branch
created by the Constitution of 1795.
Council of 500 Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to approve laws.
Council of Elders
Legislative house created by the
Constitution of 1975 to draft laws.
