The great war part two

The Great War
The War to End All
Wars

T what extent should we embrace nationalism?
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The WWI Timeline
• Open War – Aug 1914
• War of Attrition starts – Sept 1914
• Total War – 1916
• The Last Push – 1917
• 1917 – May, Germans begin to lose
ground
• 1917 – Summer USA joins the war
• Canada’s 100 Days (Aug 8 – Nov 11, 1918)
• Nov 11, 1918 – Armistice
• Jan 1919 – Treaty of Versailles
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The Beginning of the War

• Schlieffen Plan
• Aug 1914 – 1,500,000 advance into
Belgium
• French – old mentality, bright, no
helmets, rifles… 500,000
causalities!
• Miracle of Marne – 2 million clash
• Hitler’s lesson - blitzkrieg
• Sept – repositioned – Tstalemate nationalism?
o what extent should we embrace

The War of Attrition
• Western Front:
– Race for the sea begins
– Trench warfare begins
• Eastern Front:
– Russia mobilizes 5 million
– 400 trains a day sent from Western
Front
– Russia quickly out of supplies
• Southern Front
– A-H and Serbia – mountains of Serbia
– A-H loses ½ of their army should we embrace nationalism?
T what extent
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Old Strategies
(Infantry and Cavalry Charges)

Met Machine Guns

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Old Strategies

Met Machine Guns

Led to Trench Warfare

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Marne

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/w
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For more info on Trench Warfare, go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/3d/trench.shtml

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/war/wwone/launch_vr_trench.shtml
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Old Strategies

Met Machine Guns


Led To:

Reconnaissance
Planes

Fighter Planes
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Old Strategies

Met Machine Guns


Led To

Reconnaissance Gas
Planes Warfare

Fighter Planes
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Old Strategies

Met Machine Guns


Led To

Reconnaissance Gas Artillery
Planes Warfare Barrages

Fighter Planes
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They were enormous
canons that could launch
shells that weighed a ton
15 kilometers. There
destructive power could
penetrate two meters of
earth, three meters of
concrete in a meter thick
wall.

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Old Strategies

Met Machine Guns


Led To

Reconnaissance Gas Artillery Tanks
Planes Warfare Mass
Barrages
Attacks
Fighter Planes
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The first tank was named “Little Willie” and
could travel 3 miles per hour, (2 on rough
terrain). This tank was restricted as it
could not cross trenches. Early on, tanks
often broke down and became ditched - i.e.
stuck in a muddy trench - more often than
anticipated. Tanks were deployed during
the notorious, almost swampy,
conditions of the Third Battle
of Ypres (more commonly
known as
'Passchendaele'). They
promptly sank in the mire and
were entirely without benefit.
By 1917 however, the tanks
had improved so that they
helped solve the problem of
trench warfare, and were
iincreasingly used during the
Allied advance of summer
1918.
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1916 – Total War
• Diverting all resources and
attention to the war effort
• Food rations for civilians
• Use of propaganda

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Battle of Verdun
Feb 21, 1916

Opening Barrage: French Defenders:
1200 guns targeted 60 forts and strong French defenders caught in the open
points. Over 80 000 shells hit per day. were blown apart. 98 % of units were lost
A huge gaping hole was torn in the and men went insane from the exploding
French defenses. shells

Bravery – Hand to Hand Combat: Flame Throwers:
More than 80 % of casualties were Both sides used flame throwers to
taken in hand to hand combat. gain territory.

British and Russian Help;
The British launched an attack Final Casualties:
along the Somme river, and the 978 000 casualties shared by both
Russians attacked the Austrians in sides.
the east, hoping to draw some of
the German forces away.

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German Withdrawal:

Somme Offensive The German troops withdrew from
June 24, 1916 the frontline trenches into the back
trenches, knowing they could
rearm their guns in 3 minutes.

Opening Barrage:
1500 guns bombed German
defenses for 5 days.

British Advance – Machine Guns:

The British felt that no one would
survive the barrage, and they sent
a 12 mile column of four rows of
men (only 2 meters apart) towards
the well armed German machine TOTAL CASUALITIES:
guns.  1 088 907
20 000 died on the first day. (other estimates are as high as 1.5
million
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The Somme

“Somme. The whole history of the
world cannot contain a more
ghastly word.”

Friedrich
Steinbrecher

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Who else was at
The Battle of The
Somme?

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1917 – The Big Pushes
• Feb - Russian Revolution
– What effect does this have?
• Germans push to conquer Europe
before Americans arrive. 1.5 to 1.3
million
• What happens when they break
through?
• Allies Come Back
– Vimy – April
– Canada’s 100 Days
– American’s fill ranks
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Arthur Currie

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The Creeping Barrage

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Other Canadian
Contributions

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Prime Ministers at War
Two of Canada’s future
Prime Ministers fought
in WWI.

Can you identify them?

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…Lice and anxiety came into my life about the same time. At stand-
to one morning a flight of whizz-bangs skimmed the top of the
trench. The man next to me went down with a scream and half his
face gone. The sand-bag in front of me was ripped open and I was
blinded and half-choked with its contents.
…At the end of the short trench I stumbled over something. A bank
of cloud cleared for a moment from the moon, and I saw it was a
headless body.
…I went back to my post, frightened beyond anything that should be
humanly possible. Twice I was blown off my feet by the concussion
of bursting shells. The whine of falling shrapnel filled the air. I
seemed to be all alone in a world tottering into ruin. If only the
noise would stop I felt I might keep my reason. I think I prayed for
a direct hit to end it all. By a miracle, however, I was not even
touched.
…One got used to many things, but I never overcame my horror of
the rats. They abounded in some parts, great loathsome beasts
gorged with flesh. I shall never forget.
…I had one from a woman friend who had always seemed intelligent
and understanding. Yet she asked this singular question: Is it as bad
as they say it is out there, or is it only the shortage of cigarettes that
makes it seem so rotten?“ The irony of it coming at that time made
me giggle like a schoolgirl. The others wanted to know the joke so I
read it aloud. The comments were unprintable.
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A TOTAL WAR Effort

Daddy, what did Smear Campaign
you do in the war? against the Enemy!

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Russians Unite!
An appeal to women!
An effort beyond social
class

Wartime materials
meant more than just
weapons

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What does this poster Lets Go Canada!
reveal about Canada’s What is the irony in this
war effort? poster?
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This Monument Reads:

“MONS WAS RECAPTURED BY THE CANADIAN
CORPS ON
THE 11th NOVEMBER 1918

AFTER FIFTY MONTHS OF GERMAN
OCCUPATION FREEDOM WAS RESTORED TO
THE CITY

HERE WAS FIRED THE LAST SHOT OF THE
GREAT WAR”

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November 11 - 1918
• ALLIES • CENTRAL POWERS
– 5.2 Million Dead – 3.5 Million Dead
– 12.8 Million – 8.8 Million
Wounded Wounded

 TOTAL DEAD – 18.6 million TOTAL Military WOUNDED – 21.2 million
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November 11 - 1918
• Canada’s War Effort: (not including
Nfld)
• Total Population: 6.8 Million
• Total Enlistees: 620 000
• Wounded: 173 000
• Killed: 67 000

• Proportionally Equivalency
• 3 200 000 Enlistees
• 888 000 Injured
• 320 000 Killed
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Identify as many territorial
differences as you can between
the map of Europe in 1910 (pre-
WWI), 1919 (post-WW1, and
2008.

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The human face of the Great War

THE GREAT TRAGEDY

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Human Statistics

“One death is a tragedy
One million deaths is a statistic.”
-Joseph Stalin

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Our LAST WWI Soldier
During the hype of the 2010 Winter Olympics...
John Babcock (age 109) passed away
July 23, 1900 - Feb 18, 2010
He was 15 when he enlisted
Canada wanted to give him a state funeral
He had declined the idea before dying

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What’s Your Story?
• Most families from North America,
Europe, Oceania, and parts of Asia
and Africa were impacted by “The
Great War”
• Homework:
– Major project
– Discover your family’s
connection to the war (if there
is one).
Examples:
- Joey Shackleford’s great uncle
- Mr. Fletcher’s great-grandpa embrace nationalism?
T what extent should we
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Joseph Fletcher
•Motorcycle message courier
•Chauffeur to Robert Service
•Liberator of Lille, France
•Married a Parisian
•Came back to a soddie
• in the prairies
• Then built this “starter” home

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Barney Searle
Charles “Barney” Searle:
Lied about his age to get in... Real age: 15

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Lieutenant John Bryson Cascaden

John graduated from Lethbridge High School (later called LCI) and studied engineering at the
University of Alberta. He was killed on the frontlines in Belgium on June 3, 1916.

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Sergeant Harold Hamilton

When Harold went to war, he brought along his teaching certificate for good luck. The
certificate was lost on the slopes of Vimy Ridge, and returned to his father in Lethbridge
months later. Harold was killed on November 19, 1917.

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Gunner John Vincent James-Davies

John was just twenty years old when he enlisted with the 39th Battery Canadian Field Artillery.
Just days before his unit was to ship out, he underwent an emergency appendectomy and died
days later at the Galt Hospital (now the Galt Museum. He was laid to rest at Mountain View
Cemetery with full military honours.

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Sergeant Frederick Hugh MacBeth

Fred graduated high school in Lethbridge, and went on to become a civil engineer. He was
killed in action near Heuvelland in Belgium on November 17, 1915.

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Sergeant William Emsley Raley

William graduated from high school in Lethbridge and later received an engineering degree
from the University of Toronto. On October 9, 1916, he received a severe shrapnel wound
during the Battle of the Somme. Two days later, William died of his wounds. He was just
twenty-three years old.

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Major Alvin Ripley

Alvin was in command of the 20th Battery Canadian Field Artillery when he was killed in
action on May 2, 1917. He left to mourn a wife and three young children. Alvin was laid to
rest at La Targette British Cemetery in France.

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Gunner Millard Joseph Robison

Millard was just twenty years old when he was wounded on the muddy fields of
Passchendaele. He received gunshot wounds to the head and side and passed away on
November 19, 1917.

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Second Lieutenant Clarence
Edward Sherlock

Clarence received his education in Lethbridge and later became a school teacher. He was a
member of the prestigious Royal Flying Corps and passed away in a plane crash on August 19,
1918.
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Private Robert Hamilton Sherlock

Robert was born and raised in Lethbridge, and was trained as a mechanic. He served with the
Canadian Army Service Corps. Robert became ill during the Spanish Influenza epidemic, and
passed away on October 15, 1918 in Halifax.

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Major Alexander Boswell Stafford

Alexander was in command of the 39th Battery Canadian Field Artillery when he lost his life on
June 24, 1917. He had owned several businesses in Lethbridge, and had even tried his hand at
the Klondike Gold Rush. Alexander left to mourn a wife and two young daughters.

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The Christmas Truce
• Christmas Eve 1914 (YPRES)
• Stille Nachte
• No Man’s Land Gift Exchange
• Soccer Game
• What did the Commanders
think of this?

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John Brown
John Brown went off to war to fight on a foreign
shore.
His mama sure was proud of him!
He stood straight and tall in his uniform and all.
His mama’s face broke out all in a grin.
“Oh son, you look so fine, I’m glad you’re a son of mine,
You make me proud to know you hold a gun.
Do what the captain says, lots of medals you will get,
And we’ll put them on the wall when you come home.”
As that old train pulled out, John’s ma began to shout,
Tellin’ everyone in the neighbourhood:
“That’s my son that’s about to go, he’s a soldier now,
you know.”
She made well sure her neighbours understood.
She got a letter once in a while and her face broke
into a smile
As she showed them to the people from next door.
And she bragged about her son with his uniform and
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John Brown
Then the letters ceased to come, for a long
time they did not come.
They ceased to come for about ten months
or more.
Then a letter finally came saying, “Go down
and meet the train.
Your son’s a-coming home from the war.”
She smiled and went right down, she looked
everywhere around
But she could not see her soldier son in
sight.
But as all the people passed, she saw her
son at last,
When she did she could hardlyshould we embrace nationalism?
T what extent believe her
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John Brown
“Oh tell me, my darling son, pray tell me what they
done.
How is it you come to be this way?”
He tried his best to talk but his mouth could hardly
move
And the mother had to turn her face away.
“Don’t you remember, Ma, when I went off to war
You thought it was the best thing I could do?
I was on the battleground, you were home . . . acting
proud.
You wasn’t there standing in my shoes.”
“Oh, and I thought when I was there, Lord, what am I
doing here?
I’m a-tryin’ to kill somebody or die tryin’.
But the thing that scared me most was when my enemy
came close
And I saw that his face looked just like mine.”
“And I couldn’t help but think, through the thunder
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John Brown
As he turned away to go, his Ma was
still acting slow
At seein’ the metal brace that helped
him stand.
But as he turned to leave, he called
his mother close
And he dropped his medals down into
her hand.

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Christmas in the Trenches
My name is Francis Tolliver, I come
from Liverpool.
Two years ago the war was waiting
for me after school.
To Belgium and to Flanders, to
Germany to here
I fought for King and country I love
dear.
'Twas Christmas in the trenches,
where the frost so bitter hung,
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I was lying with my messmate on the
cold and rocky ground
When across the lines of battle came a
most peculiar sound
Says I, ``Now listen up, me boys!'' each
soldier strained to hear
As one young German voice sang out so
clear.
``He's singing bloody well, you know!''
my partner says to me
Soon, one by one, each German voice
joined in harmony
The cannons rested silent, the gas
clouds rolledTo what extent should we embrace nationalism?
no more

The next they sang was ``Stille Nacht.'' ``Tis
`Silent Night','' says I
And in two tongues one song filled up that
sky
``There's someone coming toward us!'' the
front line sentry cried
All sights were fixed on one long figure
trudging from their side
His truce flag, like a Christmas star, shown
on that plain so bright
As he, bravely, strode unarmed into the
night
Soon one by one on either side walked into
No Man's Land
With neither gun nor bayonet we met there
hand to handextent should we embrace nationalism?
T what
o

Soon daylight stole upon us and France
was France once more
With sad farewells we each prepared
to settle back to war
But the question haunted every heart
that lived that wonderous night
``Whose family have I fixed within my
sights?''
'Twas Christmas in the trenches where
the frost, so bitter hung
The frozen fields of France were
warmed as songs of peace were sung
For the walls they'd kept between us to
exact the workwhat extent should we embrace nationalism?
To
of war

My name is Francis Tolliver, in
Liverpool I dwell
Each Christmas come since World War
I, I've learned its lessons well
That the ones who call the shots
won't be among the dead and lame
And on each end of the rifle we're
the same

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Gallipoli
• Backstory:
• Australian forces on Southern
front
• Diversion:
– To allow British naval forces to enter
the Black sea
• Australia’s Vimy Ridge
• Prize winning runners

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The great war part two

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The great war part two