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Vowel sounds : 19
Tripthongs-2
Diphthongs -5
Vowel must be learnt by listening carefully and imitating. So spend some of your listening time
on the vowels.
Monophthongs-12
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How to pronounce a word
1. Firstly, find out how many syllables are there in the word.
2. Secondly, notice on which syllable there is stress.
3. Thirdly, try to pronounce all syllables separately.
4. Then, pronounce all syllable together and emphasis the
syllable on which there is a stress.
Example: - Information
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All about Syllable
What is syllable?
Phonetically a syllable means a group of one or more sounds.
Grammatically syllable is a part of word, can be pronounced at a time and
which has got a vowel sound.
A syllable can be made in the following ways
ccvcvcvcvccvcv
1.Vowel --- a //, I /
2.Vowel + Consonant --- it eve
3.Vowel + Consonant + Consonant--- ink
4.Consonant + Vowel + Consonant--- but , put
5.Consonant + Vowel--- do , so
6.Consonant + Consonant + Vowel--- snow
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Phonetic characteristics of a syllable
1. Weak syllable …… Always tends to be shorter and always
unstressed
2. Strong syllable ….. Most of the time stressed.
1. Schwa / is always associated with weak syllable.
is most of the time associated with weak syllable.
is most of the time associated with weak syllable.
4. Syllabic consonant is always associated with weak syllable.
5. On the other hand, all the strong syllable have the opposite characteristics.
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About Schwa
/Schwa is the smallest sound of English language. It is
also a difficult sound. It is because some students cannot
make difference between // and //. So // must be
learned by listening carefully and imitating.
Where // Schwa is used
1. Article ………………Example: A bird
2. Weak syllable………. Example: Hospital
Here is weak syllable
1. Weak form………… Example: An
2. Elision……………… Example: Camera into
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Identify the entire flap ‘T’
1. Automatic
2. Mentality
3. Potato
4. Starting
5. Total
6. From the beginning it’s been a very bitter winter.
7. Back in December we had a terrible ice storm and many
families mine included, lost electricity.
8. Today is the little warmer than usual.
9. But I know colder temperatures will return.
10.I’ll try to say warm. You do same.
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Pronunciation ‘T’
Plosive sound ‘T’
In order to produce an American T sound, the tip of the BOTTOM ridge of your
upper GUMS, unlike the tip touching in the center of your upper bard pattle like
for the Bangladeshi ‘t’ sound.
Let’s try this now, TEEE
Say this 5 times. Now not only 5 times say this more than 5 times if you need to
do.
Now with some words:
TerminateTinyTough
TeenageTrialTurnTerribleTerrific
TypeTapTongueTuneTable
TournamentTourTennisTime
Tomorrow
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Plosive sounds ‘T’ Rules
Rule-1: If T is the beginning of a word: Plosive T is ALL the cases.
1. It took Tim ten times to try the telephone stop touching Ted’s
toes.
2. Turn towards Stella and study her contact together.
3. Control your terms.
4. It’s Tommy’s turn to tell the teacher the truth
5. Timothy and Todd told Teresa, their secretary to total up their
accounts.
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Pronunciation ‘T’
Rules: 2:
If T is in the middle of two vowels a soft‘d’ should not be
mistaken with an exact D sound. Otherwise, that would be
quite heavy. For the soft ‘d’ sound your tongue needs to flap
up to the BOTTOM ridg of upper GUMS. This is same
position as the plosive American T sound. However, in this
case all you need to do is flap at that position and not apply
any effort.
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Pronunciation ‘T’
Example: Sentence-
What a good idea.
Put it in a bottle.
Write it in a letter
Set it on the metal gutter.
Put all the data in the computer.
Insert a quarter in the meter.
Get a better water heater.
Let her put a smarter or Betty’s at the meeting.
It’s getting hotter and hotter.
Petty ought to write a better letter.
Frieda had a little metal battle.
Betty bought a bit of better butter.
Pat ought to sit on a lap.
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Pronunciation ‘T’
Practice with sentences:
He interrupted twenty interviews in Toronto.
There was a large percentage of international students.
He won’t even interfere with the interaction.
We took full advantage of the internet.
He drove interested through to Alkanet.
He’s at the international hotel.
He wasn’t even helping out.
He hasn’t bothered you much, has he?
We won’t always do it, believe me.
Patty was good right, wasn’t he?
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Intonation
The aim of all speech is to send the message loud and clear
through various means. Like stress and rhythm, intonation is
also a means of conveying the message.
When we speak, the pitch of our voice keeps on changing,
sometimes it goes up or high and sometimes it is down or
low. This change in pitch is not totally aimless or without
any purpose. It is called intonation.
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Assimilation
Assimilation
The shape of a word may also be altered by nearly sounds; this is called
assimilation. Normally we pronounce one as , but one more may be
pronounced where the shape of one has changed because of the
following /m/ in more. Also next is usually pronounced but in next month
may be , where the final / t/ has disappeared.
• /t/ will be changed into /p/before /p/,/b/ or /m/
Right path
Right boy
Right man
• /d/ will be changed into /b/ before /p/, /b/, or /m/
Red picture
Red bag
Red man
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Stress
What is Stress?
Stress means ‡Rvi †`Iqv, Pvc †`Iqv, Emphasis
At first stress can be divided into two ----
1.Word stress
2.Sentence stress
What is word stress?
When a word has more than one syllable, one of them is pronounced with more
force than the rest. This force is regarded as word stress.
Example:
PhoneticsAdvance
SaturdayFather
Characteristics of a stressed syllable
I.Loudness
II.Length
III.Pitch change
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How to find out stress?
• Shewa never appears within a stressed syllable, as it is
unstressed by nature.
Example: - Teacher
About
• Every monosyllabic word is stressed but no stress mark is
given on it.
Example: - cat, dog, cow, how, now
• Most of the common two syllable nouns and adjectives
have stress on the first syllable.
Example: - sister, brother, mother, water, paper, table
• Most of the affix (prefix and suffix) are not stressed.
Example: -about, amount, account, achievement
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Stress
1) Words that can be used either as a noun or a verb has two
types of stresses.
1) A noun has stress on the first syllable.
2) A verb has stress on the second syllable
Insult
kConsult
Conduct
Rebel
Contact
Increase
Import
Suspect
Perfect
verbnounword
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Stress
2. In two syllable verbs, stress is always on the strong syllable.
Initial positions: - centre, equal, open
Final positions: - assist, aback, arrive
3. In three syllable verbs, if the final syllable is strong, then
it will be stressed.
Example: - entertain, ascertain
4. But if the final syllable is weak, then the second syllable
is to be stressed.
Example: - encounter, determine
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Stress
5. In a disyllabic or in a trisyllabic word if the final syllable
contains sund then the primary stress will go on the
beginning syllable.
buffalocargo
swallowborrow
vetofollow
discovideo
demophoto
autowindow
audioradio
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Stress
6. If any word contains “tion” then the primary stress will
put on its preceding syllable.
generationproduction
globalizationpromotion
immigrationqualification
meditationrelation
occupationsatisfaction
oppositionaction
organizationsection
orientationnation
populationvacation
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Stress
7. In abbreviations the first letter contains secondary stress and
the last one contains primary stress.
Example:-
S.S.C - Secondary school certificate.
H.S.C - Higher secondary certificate.
B.B.A - Bachelor of business administration
M.B.A - Master of business administration
B.S.S - Bachelor of social science
M.S.S - Master of social science
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Stress
8. Stress on penultimate syllable (second from the end)
(a)Words ending in ‘ic’ or ‘ical’
ic = dramatic, patriotic, phonetic
ical = political, biological, practical
(b)Words ending in ‘sion’ and ‘tion’
sion = occasion, diffusion, solution
tion = production, conversation, migration
(c) Words ending in ‘ion and ‘sive’ as suffix
ion = inflexion, religion, opinion
sive = exclusive, offensive, possessive
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Stress
Stress on polysyllabic words.
These words usually have more than one stress - a ‘primary’ stress and a
‘secondary’ stress. Often such words contain a prefix such as ‘inter’, ‘un’ and
‘anti’ etc. and this prefix has a secondary stress. This is mostly common with
many long technical words.
Example:-
Examination, antipersonnel, unforgettable, anticlockwise,
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Inflection
1. If the final sound of the verb’s infinitive is a vowel or voiced consonant
except /d/ the past tense and the past participle are formed by
adding /-d/. For example:
To carry / -------- Carried
to hurry // -------- hurried /
2. If the final sound of the verb’s infinitive are a vowel or voiceless consonant (/p,
t, h, f, T), except /t/, the past tense verbs and the past participle are formed by
adding /-t/. For example:
To stop / -------- stopped /
to talk / -------- talked /
3. If the final sounds of the verb’s infinitive end in /-t/ or /-d/, the past tense verbs
and the past participle are formed by adding /-id/. For example:
To paint / -------- painted /
to want // -------- wanted /
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Inflection
4. If the final sound of the noun’s singular or the verb’s infinitive (to + PV pre.
form) is a vowel or a voiced consonant (except
the ending is formed by adding /-z/. For example:
City / -------- cities/
Saw / -------- saws/
tub // -------- tubs
5. If the final sound of the noun’s singular or the verb’s infinitive is a voiceless
consonant except the ending is formed by adding /-s/.
For example:
drop / ------- drops /
pot / -------- pots
month -------- months
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Inflection
6. If the final sound of the noun’s singular or the verb’s infinitive ends in the
ending is formed by adding For example:
Bus ------- Buses
match / -------- matches
to kiss --------she kisses /
to match / -------- he matches /
7. If the final sound of a comparative form is “er” and a superlative form is
“est” then the last sound will be and For example:
high ------- higher ------- highest
long ------ longer ------ longest
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Aspiration
2. In disyllabic, trisyllabic or polysyllabic word if we get stress mark on
any syllable that starts with will be aspirated.
KindergartenTemporalParticular
KidnapTicketPerplex
KeeperTransparentPopular
ConfidentTransitoryPotential
ConceptTwentyPatriot
ComplexTropicPatrol
CommentTemporaryPacket
ComfortTemperaturePaper
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Aspiration
2. After sound, will not be
standardskeletonstudent
stimulatespringspecial
statisticsstoragespeak
stadiumstudioscholar
spontaneouslystupidschool
skyspokenstart
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Aspiration
1.In disyllabic, trisyllabic or polysyllabic word if we don’t get stress mark
on any syllable that starts with than that syllable will not be
aspirated.
CombineTogetherPenultimate
CollectionTestimonyProduction
CollapseTerrificApplicant
CapacityTechnologyAspiration