The document discusses evolution and the process by which organisms evolve over time through random genetic mutations and natural selection. Organisms develop beneficial mutations that allow them to better survive and reproduce, passing these mutations on to offspring. This gradual process leads to increasing complexity in biological structures as organisms adapt to their environments. The document also examines human evolution and population genetics, including genetic drift and factors that can cause populations to diverge and potentially speciate.
66. Fig. 23-5 Porcupine herd Porcupine herd range Beaufort Sea NORTHWEST TERRITORIES MAP AREA ALASKA CANADA Fortymile herd range Fortymile herd ALASKA YUKON
67. Fig. 23-6 Frequencies of alleles Alleles in the population Gametes produced Each egg: Each sperm: 80% chance 80% chance 20% chance 20% chance q = frequency of p = frequency of C R allele = 0.8 C W allele = 0.2
86. SNP For each individual they analysed half a million SNPs, and then amalgamated the results mathematically to produce two numbers representing that person. This allowed each individual's genome to be shown as a point on a two-dimensional plot: the bigger the differences in the genomes, the greater the distance between them on the plot.
99. Fig. 24-14-1 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow
100. Fig. 24-14-2 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Isolated population diverges
101. Fig. 24-14-3 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Isolated population diverges Hybrid zone Hybrid
102. Fig. 24-14-4 Gene flow Population (five individuals are shown) Barrier to gene flow Isolated population diverges Hybrid zone Hybrid Possible outcomes: Reinforcement OR OR Fusion Stability