Martin Lutz - (Abordar la contaminació de l’aire a Berlín: la Zona de Baixa Emissió i altres mesures relacionades amb el transport)

Tackling air pollution in Berlin: the low emission zone
& other transport related measures

Martin Lutz
Senate Department for Health, Environment
and Consumer Protection
Directorate III, Environment Policy

 current compliance situation
 source analysis
 why a low emission zone (LEZ)?
 LEZ impact analysis
 other transport measures & their likely impact
 problems, pros & cons

1
Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Referat III D, M. Lutz

Introduction

Berlin: a few facts...

economic stagnation/slow
growth due to severe
structural changes after fall
of the wall
per capita income 30% below
Hamburg
ageing population, but
slower process than
elsewhere
low commuter numbers &
car density

2

Introduction
assessing non-attainment

AQ assessment in Berlin modelled NO2 in main roads
2005

20% of all main road sections in non-attainment
3

Introduction
source analysis

origin of kerbside PM2.5 and NO2 in Berlin
sources of roadside sources of roadside
PM2.5 pollution NO2 pollution
local traffic resuspension+
resuspension +
regional background
other sources
4%
resuspension +
resuspension + abrasion by traffic
abrasion traffic ca 7%
waste treatment and abrasion by traffictraffic
abrasion by 2%
disposal 4% 4% road transport
road transport combustion in
0% 7% manufacturing
road transport
road transport
other mobile sources 9%
9%
industry
2%
other sources
and machinery
4% production processes 7%
8%
additional combustion
1%

urban non-industrial
solvent and other
product use

background combustion 5% local traffic urban background
3%
combustion in energy
and tranformation
54%
combustion in energy
industries
1%
production processes
and tranformation
industries traffic
1%
9%
32%
combustion in
manufacturing
combustion in manufacturing
road transport
road transport
12% non-industrial
large-scale
industry
0% resuspension+
resuspension +
abrasion by traffic
abrasion traffic
12%

other sources agriculture
combustion
10% background
3% 11% 4%

Basis: NOx modelling
Berlin, 2007
homemade vehicle
tailpipe contribution 4

Clean Air Plan Berlin list of actions

Large Stationary sources:
Best Available Technology; already largely exhausted
Domestic heating:
cleaner fuels (nat. gas), heat&power cogeneration
promotion of energy saving measures
renewables (but strict emission limit values for wood fired burners)
option: stricter emissions standards for wood heating systems (< 10 mg/m³)
synergies with new Berlin energy program
aim: 25% less CO2-emission by 2010 (relative to 1990)
☺ only few single coal fired stoves left (<2% of all flats);
Construction:
Guidelines & information about dust abatement measures
Regulations based on Berlin‘s regional Pollution Control Act
Transport:
Cleaner vehicles and fuels (CRT retrofit & CNG)
municipal vehicle fleet (CRT retrofit & CNG)
filter retrofit of passenger cruising ships
LEZ (low emission zone)
Less traffic through sustainable transport- and city planning
master plan transport, “StEP”
Optimized traffic management
Speed limits (30 km/h)
Ban of heavy duty vehicles in single streets
...
5

Clean Air Plan Berlin transport measures

Cleaner vehicles and fuels…..
cleaning up the municipal vehicle fleet
particle filter: police, buses
1000 old buses retrofitted with CRT since 1999
full CRT coverage by 2008
compressed natural gas & biogas:
25% of garbage collection vehicles, 50% by 2008
15 buses running on CNG and 5 on hydrogen
SCRT retrofit for public buses
retrofit programme of about 100 buses planned
CNG (compressed natural gas) for
private & commercial Diesel vehicles
1000 private cars: Gas-vouchers & tax refunds
1000 taxis and driving schools: funding of new
CNG-vehicles
100 HGVs&LGVs: funding of new vehicles
running on CNG
network of natural gas refilling stations
(14 stations by now)
increasing share of biogas 6


particle filter in passenger cruise ships
pilot project 2008-2010:
• retrofit of 3 vessels with different filter
systems
• monitoring of filter efficiency, performance
and handling during routine operation

7


impact of cleaning up the municipal fleet and vehicles
operators of 100 largest logistic firms...
all vehicles all vehicles
Euro IV + PF Euro IV + PF
busses Euro V busses Euro V
0,0%
expected emission reduction in % of

-10,0%

-20,0% big fleets of
the trend scenario

municipal 100 largest
fleet delivery
-30,0%
services and
logistic firms
-40,0%

-50,0%
NOx
-60,0% exhaust-PM
total-PM
-70,0%

implementation 2010
8

LEZ Berlin reasons
Problems in Berlin…
again (after 2 years compliance) excess of PM10
widespread excess of NO2 (up to 50%) in central main roads
local scale traffic restrictions merely shift problem in other roads
short-term temporary traffic restrictions not effective during pollution episodes
previous measures insufficient
modernisation of municipal fleet,
funding scheme for CNG-vehicles
shift to clean transport modes by traffic planning
Solution for wide-spread traffic-related pollution…
LEZ: selective traffic ban for high polluting vehicles
large-scale: not only in single roads but covering the Umwelt
whole (potential) non-attainment area
durable: not only on days in excess of 24h-limit value
transition period (Berlin > 2 ½ years) prior to the start
ensures proportionality
Berlin: no general exemptions for residents and commercial traffic
some individual temporal exemptions possible

9

Low Emission Zones in Europe

LEZ found in:
Sweden: 5
Denmark: 5
UK: 2
Germany: 40 :
Czech: 1 sa tion
oni ries g
h arm ego ofittin
Austria 3 (motorways) no e cat eria retr
But ehicl for
Italy: 7 regions n crit dards
on v missio l stan
Netherlands 17 g
on e chnica bellin
e la
Hungary 1 planned on t ehicle ns
g
More information: on v affic si
r
Low Emission Zone in Europe on t
Network (LEEZEN):
www.lowemissionzones.eu
10

Berlin LEZ emission citeria

Stage 1: since 1.1.2008
Diesel vehicles: at least Euro 2
or Euro 1 & retrofit
Gasoline vehicles: at least Euro 1
7% of vehicle fleet affected

Stage 2: since 1.1.2010
Diesel: Particle emission Euro 4:
cars: Euro 3 + particle filter or
better
Area: goods vehicles: also retrofit of
about 88 km² Euro 1-3 towards Euro 4Particle
(Berlin total area: 892 km²) 10% of the vehicle fleet affected
Inhabitants:
about 1 Million
(Berlin total: 3,4 Mio)
11

LEZ Berlin
forecasted impact
…based on model scenario calculations
expected impact compared to „business as usual“ without intervention

LEZ stage 1, 2
S - UM 43
as from 2008: LEZ stage 2, 4
S - UM 43 as from 2010:
impact on emissions impact on emissions
~15% less PM-exhaust emissions ~50% less PM-exhaust emissions
cars/LDVs: ~35%
cars/LDVs: ~10%
HDVs: ~15%
HDVs: ~5%
~10% less PM & NOx- total traffic emissions
impact on pollution levels
impact on pollution levels
~3% decrease of PM10 annual mean ~5-10% decrease of PM10 annual mean
~5 decrease in days >50 g/m³PM10 ~4% decrease of NO2 annual mean
~10-15 less days >50 g/m³PM10
~10.ooo less residents living along
main roads in the LEZ in non-
compliance with PM standards
(20-25% reduction)

12

LEZ – real impact analysis
approach

1. impact on traffic flows?
has road traffic decreased within the LEZ?
has road traffic been re-routed to areas outside the LEZ?
has road traffic been avoided?
monitoring of traffic flows
2. effect on the vehicle fleet composition?
change in the characteristic of the registered vehicle fleet?
change in the real fleet on the roads in & outside the LEZ?
evaluation of vehicle registration data base
monitoring of real vehicle fleet
3. impact on the pollution emissions from road traffic?
calculation of the exhaust emissions
comparision with default fleet and situation before/after LEZ
4. impact on the air quality?
evaluation of the routine air quality monitoring data: PM10, PM2.5, NO, NO2, NOx
evaluation of extra AQ measurements: PM-species (EC, OC, sec. PM, passive samplers)
measurements: PM- samplers)
dispersion modelling with LEZ-related emission reduction (not yet done)

13
Senatsverwaltung für Gesundheit, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz, Referat III D, M. Lutz Slide

Berlin LEZ – real impact analysis
impact on traffic

impact of the LEZ on traffic volumes in the city
trend of traffic volumes 2002-2008 inside and outside of the low emission zone
2002 = 100%

low emission zone Conclusions
+ inside LEZ outside LEZ
• general decrease of
traffic volumes 2002
100% 99,9% 95,9% 97,3% 97,6% 98,2% 92,1% 91,1% und 2009.
• stringer decrease
100% 99,2% 97,5% 95,5% 94,9% 93,2% 89,6% 90,1% outside LEZ
• larger reduction
between 2007 und
2008 is LEZ-
independent
• no visible traffic
95,7% 88,3% 95,7% 91,0% 95,1% 91,2%
deviation due to LEZ
100% 87,9%

100% 97,1% 91,8% 97,5% 90,9% 93,4% 90,2% 94,6%

14

impact on fleet composition

Share of registered vehicles with 4 S - UM 43

Positive impact of Berlin's LEZ on the registered vehicle fleet
120%
Share of registered vehicles with green sticker

100%
92% UWZ 96%
90%
all cars 91%
88% Trend 90%
85%
80% 81%

UWZ

60%
60% 59%
49% 54%

48%
40% Diesel cars Trend 37%
39%
UWZ
31%
20%
25%
20% 19%
Trend
17%
goods vehicles
1% LEZ stage 1 LEZ stage 2
0%

Jan 2006 Jan 2008 Jan 2009 Jan 2010
15

impact on fleet composition
before-after comparison of the
fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee
Fleet characteristic at Frankfurter Allee based on number plate recognition
before and after introduction of Berlin‘s LEZ in 2008/9
2%
100% 3%
9%
17% 18%
90% 22% 23%
34% 29% 32%
80% 44% 36%
40%
53% 52% 50%
70% 62%
73%
27%
36%
58%
60% 40% 4 - green
32% 50%
50% 36%
3 - yellow
41% 26% 29% 47% 2 - red
32%
40% 1 - no sticker
23%
31% 33% 39%
30% 21%
28%
26%
20% 24% 20%
37%
21%
20% 15% 30% 28%
10% 23% 16%
10% 17% 11%
10%
10% 6% 8% 7%
6% 5% 7% 4% 5% 6%
0%
Feb Sep Sep Trend Feb Sep Sep Trend Feb Sep Sep Trend Feb Sep Sep Trend
07 08 09 09 07 08 09 09 07 08 09 09 07 08 09 09
before no before no before no before no
LEZ LEZ LEZ LEZ LEZ UWZ LEZ UWZ
Pass. Cars Diesel LGV Diesel HGV 3,5 - 7,5 t HGV > 7,5
16

NOx emissions

LEZ impact: change of NOx emissions from road traffic
based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)
(new

10.000
2007
9.000 Trend 2008 without LEZ
-15%
Trend 2009 without LEZ
8.000
NOx vehicle emissions [t/a]

LEZ 2008
-19% LEZ 2009
7.000
status of Sept 09
6.000

5.000

4.000

3.000

2.000

1.000

0
Total Cars LGV HGV
17

particle tailpipe emissions

LEZ impact: change of particle exhaust emissions
based on fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee (new emission factor data base HBEFa 3.1)

400
2007
Particle vehicle exhaust pipe emissions [t/a]

350 -21%
300 LEZ 2008
-35%
LEZ 2009
250

200

150

100

50

0
Total Cars LGV HGV
emissions extrapolated to the entire main road network based on the fleet composition at Frankfurter Allee
(without DPF retrofit, only warm emissions, no cold start impact)
18

pollution concentration

identifying the impact on the air quality
Problems:
strong dependency of pollution concentrations on weather conditions
additional dependency of emissions and pollution levels on local traffic
conditions

approach:
evaluation of routine air quality data
differentiation kerbside – urban background – periphery
evaluation of additional PM speciation data, e.g. black carbon
taking account of changes in the traffic volumes
compare with trend in dispersion related meteo parameters
using the results of a source apportionment study on PM2.5 in 2007 and
model results for NO2-source analysis

applying the calculated reduction of PM10- & NOx- emissions on the
measured & modelled %-contribution of traffic to total pollution levels

19

pollution concentration

based on the results of the PM2.5-source apportionment in
a main road in Berlin‘s city centre

applying the
emission reduction soot + organic
of the LEZ material from traffic outside
vehicle exhaust Berlin
in Berlin 9%
of -35% EC & OC secondary 14%
particles from
- 4.9% PM2,5 NOx-
emissionen
of -19% NOx from traffic in
Berlin
- 1.5% PM2,5 8%
other sources
Σ = - 6.4 % PM2,5 resuspension +
outside Berlin
abrasion from other sources in 47%
traffic in Berlin Berlin
7% 15%
related to PM10:
- 4.5 % PM10
(70% PM2,5 in PM10) largely independent from
traffic and meteo changes
20

soot concentration

traffic-adjusted trend of soot levels in main roads within and
outside of the low emission zone
140% 220%
130% LEZ
introduced n
o
s
e
p
r
i
d
f
t
a
v
l

120% 118% 119% 200%
113%

100% 100% 180%
share of weather conditions with low wind speed <2.4m/s,2007=100% 86%
Radon measurements 2007=100%
80% 160%
share of dry days 2007=100% 84%
mean of 10 sites within the LEZ, traffic adjusted
-

60% 138% 140%
%
0
1
=
7
2

131%
-

e
t
a
p
r
m
l
s
d

40% 116%
113% 115% 114% 114% 120%

106%
102% 100% 100% 100%
20% 100%
l
s
e
v
E
n
C
a
m
u
f
o
d
r
t
i

parameters as a measure for bad meteorological dispersion
0% 80%
2005 2006 2007 2008

21

NO2-concentration

traffic adjusted trend of Berlin's contribution to NO2- levels in main
roads in and outside of the low emission zone
urban contribution = kerbside levels-upwind levels at city periphery (ca 10 -12 µg/m³)
60 200%

LEZ
urban- contribution of NO2 – [µg/m³]

introduced
50 180%

-8%
40 160%
share of periods with low wind <2.4m/s, 2007=100%
Radon levels 2007=100%
urban contribution averaged over 10 passive samplers inside LEZ
30 138%
urban contribution averaged over 10 passive samplers outside LEZ 140%
131%

20 113% 114% 120%

106%
102% 100% 100%
10 100%

0 80%

2005 2006 2007 2008

5-10% decrease also recorded with 4 automatic instruments at raffic sites
22

LEZ résumeé
no visible shift of traffic into surrounding areas
significant change in the vehicle fleet composition:
fewer „dirty“ vehicle (<E1):
LGV/HGV: only 4-7% instead of 30 %
more clean vehicles (E4):
cars 73% instead of 44%,
lorries 50% instead of 17-23%
decrease of traffic emissions on top of trend :
exhaust particles: - 35 %; NOx: - 19 %
LEZ is most effective single measure, if
based on ambitious emission criteria
4
S - UM 43

covering a larger area
introduced not too late ~2010-12
exemptions are limited
possible benefit for the air quality
10% reduction of PM10/2.5 & NO2, black carbon decrease ~20%
10-15 less excess days > 50 µg/m³ PM10
23

LEZ pros & cons
Objective:
faster modernisation of vehicle fleet
Criteria: When should a LEZ be considered? Umwelt
high contribution of urban traffic-related air pollutants
air quality limit values exceeded in many urban streets
low proportion of through traffic or no alternative routes
Advantages:
☺ aims specifically at the highest emitting vehicles
☺ rewards vehicle owners who invested in clean vehicles
☺ reduces the emission of the overall vehicle fleet all over the LEZ
decrease in all streets decrease of urban background concentrations
decreasing urban population exposure
☺ proven benefit for air quality
☺ controls the most hazardous component of PM ( black carbon)
Disadvantages:
financial burden for owners of high emitting vehicles
in particular for small business
in Germany: every car owner has to buy a sticker to facilitate control
administrative effort for granting individual exemptions
24

LEZ what’s needed
(national) vehicle classification scheme in force in time
EU-wide regulation !? national/EU
technical criteria for retrofit systems to be set early
EU-wide regulation, at least cross-border compatibility!!
prohibit increase of NO2-emissions !! EU/national
sufficient market coverage for retrofit kits, in particular
for commercial vehicles
economic incentives national/local
tax discounts, funding for cleaner/retrofitted vehicles
(with particle trap, CNG, hybrid, etc.)
stricter vehicle emission standards EU
( EU-wide regulation !!)
sufficiently long transition period
few exemptions from traffic ban
local
intensive public information
effective enforcement & sanctions
But, LEZ alone not sufficient, needs to be supplemented by…
25

Berlin transport strategy
portfolio of measures

ic
h traff
throug Promotion of sustainable
g
-ro utin transport modes & car sharing
re

- extra bus lanes re-allocation of road space in
- traffic light priority for bus favour of cyclists & pedestrians
Speed limits & tram
Parking management

Traffic bans

traffic light synchronisation
optimising vehicle flow

26

Berlin‘s transport strategy
improving cycling

27

improving cycling

components:

28

improving cycling

29

1 Environment
Sustainable Urban Mobility - The Berlin Strategy

• Most efficient measure:
Promotion of bicycle traffic,
“Zero emission vehicle”.

• Bicycle traffic in combination
with public transport
eliminates the “speed gap”
to cars

30
Folie 20

Clean Air plan transport planning

planned enlargement of areas with parking fees (~2€/hour in central areas)

Vorhandene areas
existing Bewirtschaftungsgebiete
future enlargement
Potenzielle Erweiterungsgebiete

31

current trend in modal split

used means of transport in %

public motor
on foot by bike transport vehicles

32

Berlin transport strategy
impact on traffic volumes

trend of traffic volumes 2002-2008 inside and outside of the low emission zone
2002 = 100%

+ inside LEZ outside LEZ
-10%

100% 99,9% 95,9% 97,3% 97,6% 98,2% 92,1% 91,1%

100% 99,2% 97,5% 95,5% 94,9% 93,2% 89,6% 90,1%

33

expected traffic reduction

Änderung der Kfzvolume in
change in der Kfz-Belastung
Änderung traffic -Belastung Anzahl Kfz pro
Szenarioto gegenüber Szenario 1
relation 3 a trend scenario
Szenario 3 gegenüber Szenario 1 durchschnittlichem W erktag

25.000 50.000 75.000 100.000
Zunahme Szenario 3
increase
gegenüber Szenario 1

decrease 31
Abnahme Szenario
gegenüber Szenario

34

LEZ & transport measures
expected impact

impact of transport planning („StEP“) and LEZ
Emission reduction in relation to the trend scenario 2010

all Diesel vehicles
Euro III + particle filter(PF)
0,0%
expected emission reduction in % of the trend

-10,0%

extra benefit
-20,0%
of less traffic
scenario

-30,0%

-40,0%

-50,0%
NOx
exhaust-PM
-60,0% total-PM
implementation 2010 35

traffic management measures
potential impact on air quality

shift modal split from motor traffic to clean transport modes
Berlin‘s planning objective:
-10% less motor traffic in 10-15 years
results in up to -10% NO2, 3-4% less total PM10
optimizing traffic flows (progressive signal systems):
impact difficult to quantify
local effect, traffic signal coordination works only
in one direction, potentially negative effects on
cross-roads
conflict with acceleration of bus/tram
risk that gained road capacities will attract more traffic
small net gain in pollution control
truck ban:
example HEAVEN project: up to 20% less NO2, -7% PM
only local effect in single roads,
merely shift to other roads, no net reduction
speed limit 30km/h:
example Schildhornstraße Berlin: 10 % less NO2, -6% PM
if traffic light coordination with 30 km/h works well
speed limit is enforced
also less noise and traffic accidents
36

urban air quality management
resumeé

a lot can be done on local level
problems solved? Not quite.....
Little to no downward trend of NO2 level in EU cities...
µg/m³ longterm trend of nitrogen oxide levels in Berlin
100 NO- roadside
90 NO2 roadside
NO2-residential areas
80
NO2-periphery
70

60

50
EU limit value for NO2
40

30

20

10

0
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
37

urban air quality management
resumeé
NO2 direct emissions of cars & LGV increased up to Euro 4 due to lack of regulation
HGV up to Euro V show no decrease of NOx emissions under real urban conditions
only Euro 6/VI will (hopefully) bring about a tangible reduction of NOx & NO2 in cities
but Euro 6/VI mandatory only 2014/15, won‘t help to attain NO2 AQ standards by 2010/2015

EU vehicle emission control policy has largely flopped !
full compliance with NO2 air quality standards even by 2015 will be terribly difficult
air pollution problems, in particular from traffic, cannot be solved only by municipalities

real NOx emissions of heavy duty vehicles in urban driving conditions:
modelled NO2- levels at traffic site Stuttgart Neckartor
traffic related local NO2-pollution "factor"
calculated from HBEFA3.1 emission factors NO2+0.6*(NOx-NO2) for average urban driving cycle scenario
180%

HGV
calculation for a
traffic related NO2-pollution (Euro1 = 100%)

160%
urban bus traffic site in
140%
Emissionstandard HGV Stuttgart
NO2-
120% (Germany): limit value

100%
reality LV excess even
80%
in 2020 and even
60%
if all vehicles were
40% Euro 6/VI
20%
expectation
0% source: Udo Lambrecht
Euro-0 Euro-1 Euro-2 Euro-3 Euro-4 Euro-5 Euro-6 IFEU Institute 2010

38

Thanks
for
listening!

For more information on
Berlin‘s LEZ see www.berlin.de/umweltzone (also in EN & FR)
LEZ in Germany see http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/umweltzonen/index.htm
LEZ-cities in Europe visit www.lowemissionzones.eu, the website of the
European Network of LEZ-cities (LEEZEN)
transport related measures in EU cities visit www.civitas.eu
39

Martin Lutz - (Abordar la contaminació de l’aire a Berlín: la Zona de Baixa Emissió i altres mesures relacionades amb el transport)

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