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Introduction to Environmental Microbiology (by- Meenu Malik)
1. INTRODUCTION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE
CDLU SIRSA
SUBMITTED TO- DR. RANI DEVI
SUBMITTED BY- MEENU
CLASS ROLL NO.- 38
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.- 190530190020
CLASS- M.SC. FINAL (3nd SEM)
2. MICROORGANISMS
• A microscopic organisms which is too small
to be seen with the naked eye, or
sometimes even with a microscope.
• We are surrounded by microorganims. They
are small and we don't give they attention
but microorganims are a big part of our
world.
• Microbial diversity includes microorganism’s
distribution in nature, their relationship
with each other and other living organisms,
their effects on human beings and other
animals and plants.
4. DISTRIBUTION IN NATURE
• Omnipresent OR Ubiquitous - nearly everywhere in
nature
• Grow where they get food moisture and temperature
suitable for growth:
Air
Soil
Oceans
Food we eat
Surfaces of our body and inside alimentary canal
5. MICROBIOLOGY
• The study of microscopic organisms.
• Study of:
Organisms of microscopic size
Classification
Morphology Physiology Metabolism
Distribution in nature
Relationship to each other and other
living organisms
6. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
• Environmental microbiology is the study of the composition and
physiology of microbial communities in the environment.
The environment in this case means the soil, water, air and sediments
covering the planet and can also include the animals and plants that
inhabit these areas.
• Typical work activities include identifying microorganisms and tracking
them in a range of environments, testing samples, developing new
medicines, vaccines and other methods to prevent the spread of disease,
as well as managing and overseeing laboratory work
7. •Ancestors of Bacteria were the first life on earth.
•Evidence of microbes in the hard structures (“stromatolites”) they
made, which date to 3.5 billion years ago.
8. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS..
Origin Of Life (Hypotheses):
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
• The theory of spontaneous
generation states that life arose
from nonliving matter.
• Acording to spontaneous
generation, a “vital force” forms
life.
BIOGENESIS
• bio means 'life‘
• genesis means 'beginning.‘
• According to this theory all living
cells arise from pre existing cells.
• Means all living organisms have to
come from other living organisms.
9. HISTORY OF MICROORGANISMS..
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK [1632-1723]
• FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY.
• 1st to observe and describe single celled organisms
(BACTERIA AND PROTOZOA), “animalcules”, we now refer to
as microorganisms.
• Described different morphological forms of bacteria.
• 1st to record observations of muscle fibers, bacteria,
spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries (small blood
vessels).
• Many including him believed in spontaneous generation i.e.
life arise from non-living matter.
10. ROBERT HOOKE [1665]:
• Developed Compound microscope.
• 1st to coin the term ‘Cell’.
-“cells” - “little boxes”
• He remarked that it looked strangely similar to
cellula or small rooms which monks inhabited,
thus deriving the name. However
what Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls
of plant cells (cork) as it appeared under the
microscope.
11. FRANCESCO REDI [1668]
• 1668, Francesco Redi disproved spontaneous
generation of organisms from non-living
things.
• Francesco Redi placed fresh meat in open
containers [left]: as expected, the rotting
meat attracted flies, and the meat was soon
swarming with maggots, which hatched into
flies. When the jars were covered so that flies
could not get in [middle], no maggots were
produced.
12. LOUIS PASTEUR [1822-1895]:
• Father of Modern Microbiology.
• Proved theory of biogenesis i.e. living cells arise only from
their like ones
• Established that Fermentation was caused by microbial
agents.
• Demonstrated anaerobic fermentation by both bacteria and
yeasts (bacteria produce acid and yeast produce alcohol)
• Developed pasteurization to prevent spoilage of wine by
bacteria.
• Noted that different types of fermentations were associated
with different kinds of microbes
• Development of methods and techniques of Bacteriology.
13. GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY [1857-1914]
• LOUIS PASTEUR
-Pasteurization
-Fermentation
• JOSEPH LISTER
-Phenol to treat surgical wounds- 1st attempt to control infections
caused by microorganisms.
• PAUL ERLICH
-1st syntheic drug used to treat infections.
-Salvarsan – arsenic based chemical to treat Syphilis.
“salvtion” from Syphilis.
• EDWARD JENNER
-Vaccination
14. CELLS: PROKARYOTE SND EUKARYOTE
PROKARYOTE
• Very small (1 - 10 μm)
• Prokaryotic cells are the
characteristic of bacteria and blue
green algae.
• In Greek, pro : primitive; karyon :
nucleus.
• No Nucleus
• No membrane-bound organelles like
mitochondria or chloroplasts.
• Bacteria and Blue-Green algae.
• Reproduce asexually by budding and
fission.
EUKARYOTE
• Cell size generally 10 - 100 μm
• These are cells are found in all,
animals and plants, except blue green
algae and bacteria.
• In Greek, Eu : True; karyon : nucleus.
• True Nucleus
• Membrane bound organelles.
• All other organisms except Bacteria
and Blue-Green algae
• Cell size generally 10 - 100 μm
• Include fungi, protists, plant, and
animal cells.
15. PROKARYOTIC CELL
• Capsule: slimy outer coating
• Cell wall: tougher middle layer
• Cell membrane: delicate inner skin
• Pili: for sticking to things
• Flagella: Some have, whiplash-like motion causes
movement.
• Cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
• DNA: in one big loop in the cytoplasm
• Ribosomes: suspended in cytoplasm for building
protein.
• Nucleoid: closed-loop of bacterial DNA in a condensed
area.
16. EUKARYOTIC CELL
• Has a plasma membrane
surroundingcytoplasm.
• Has membrane bound organelles.
• Has membrane bound, linear DNA.
• Have chromosomes
• Include both animal and plant
cells
17. Cell
• Cells are the basic structural units of living organisms.
• Some organisms are made up of a single cell and some are
made up of many cells.
• The number of cells in a tall tree or an animal like an
elephant or human being are billions and trillions of cells.
• Organisms made up of many cells are called multicellular
organisms. Eg: a tree, an elephant.
• Organisms made up of only one cell are called unicellular
organisms. Eg: amoeba, paramaecium.
18. CELL STRUCTURE
CELL MEMBRANE
• Outer membrane of cell that controls
the entry and exit of substances
according to the requirement of cell
the cell.
• Delicate lipid and protein skin
around cytoplasm.
NUCLEUS
• membrane similar to cell membrane
(similar function)
• Nucleolus (formation of ribosomes)
• Chromosomes (gene expression)
• Nucleoplasm (matrix)
19. CELL STRUCTURE
MITOCHONDRIA
• They are rod shape or spherical
structures.
• Responsible for cellular respiration &
produces energy for different activities.
• So, it is called power house of cell.
• Controls level of water and other
materials in cell
RIBOSOMES
• Function - Site of protein formation
(translation)
• Composed of RNA and proteins; without
membrane
• Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
(different structurally)
20. CELL STRUCTURE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• It is network of membranes.
• It provides a skeletal framework to the
cell.
• Moves materials around in cell.
• ER divides the intracellular space intotwo
distinct compartments– luminal (inside
ER) and extra luminal (cytoplasm).
GOLGI COMPLEX
• Sac-like structure stacked one above the
other.
• Store the material produced by cell.
• So they are called store house of the cell.
• Performs packaging of materials, to be
delivered either to the intra-cellar
targets or secreted outside the cell.
Important site of formation of
glycoproteins and glycolipids.
21. CELL STRUCTURE
CENTRIOLES
• Centrioles form the basal body of cilia
or flagella and spindle fibres for cell
division in animal cells.
• They produces spindle apparatus
during cell divison.
LYSOSOMES
• Contain hydrolysing enzymes(lipases,
proteases,carbohydroses) which are
active in acidic pH.
• Also called ‘Suicidal Bag’.
• Function : Intracellular digestion
22. CELL STRUCTURE
VACUOLES
• Membrane-bound space found in the
cytoplasm. Membrane known as
tonoplast.
• It contains water, sap, excretory
product and other materials not
useful for the cell.
• In plant cells the vacuoles are very
large.
CELL WALL
• It provide rigidity, Supports, & shape
to cell.
• Non-living material
• Found in plants, fungi, bacteria.
• Surrounds plasma membrane
• Protects cell from mechanical
damage and infection, helps in cell-
to- cell interaction
• Provides barrier to undesirable
macromolecules
27. BACTERIA
Size:
• 0.2-1.5 by 3-5 µm
Important Characteristics:
• Prokaryotic
• Unicellular
• Simple Internal structure
• Grow on artificial laboratory media
• Reproduction asexual (mostly simple cell division)
Practical significance:
• Some cause diseases
• Some perform role in natural cycling of elements and increase soil fertility
• Manufacture of valuable compounds in Industry
28. BACTERIA
• Bacteria widely distributed in soil and water, or with other biological symbiosis.
• Human body also has a considerable number of bacteria.
• It is estimated that the human body and the skin on the total number of
bacterial cells is about ten times the total number of human cells.
• There are also some species found in extreme environments, such as hot springs,
they are classified as extremophiles, which is one of the most famous types of
habitat .
• Bacteria in our food: Yes, there are bacteria’s in most of our food. But they
aren't bad. Some bacteria help to make products like yogurts, cheese...
• Bacteria in our body: our body has a lot of bacteria. A lot of it are very good for
us like bacteria in our digestive system, and bacteria in our skin. These bacteria
protect our body from other pathogens bacteria.
29. ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Methane producing – methanogens
• Saline environment – halophiles
• High temperature environment -
Thermohiles
• Also high acidity and anerobic
• Early earth conditions
• Single celled prokaryotic, single
chromosomes, binary fission
EUBACTERIA
• Found everywhere, prokaryotic, single
chromosome.
• Shapes – coccus, bacillus, spirillum
-groupings (mono, di, strepto, staphylo)
• Respiration- aerobic, anerobic -
facultative, obligate
• Feeding – autotrophs, hetertrophs,
parasites, saprophytes
30. VIRUSES
Size:
• 0.015-0.2 µm
Important Characteristics:
• Do not grow on artificial media
• require living cells within which they reproduce
• Obligate parasites
• Electron microscopy required to observe
Practical significance:
• Cause diseases in humans animals plants
• Also infect microorganisms
Viruses are not able to survive with out a host cell, and thus active viruses reside
inside a host body. They effect on host vary as well. They can lower host immunity
31. FUNGI
• Size:
• 2.0-10.0 µm by several mm
• Important Characteristics:
• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Many distinctive structural features
• Cultivated on artificial laboratory media
• Reproduction asexual or sexual
• Practical significance:
• Decomposition of many materials
• Industrial production of many chemicals like antibiotics
• Can cause diseases
32. FUNGI (MOLD)
• The term mold is applied to a large and taxonomically diverse
number of fungal species where their growth results in a moldy
appearance of objects, especially food.
33. FUNGI (YEAST)
• Yeasts are eukaryotic microorganisms, classified in the Kingdom
• fungi.
• Yeasts are unicellular, although some species with yeast forms may
become multicellular.
USAGES:
• In bakery industries.
• Producing Alcoholic beverages like mead, Beer , Wine etc.
• In food spoilage.
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is used in baking as a leavening agent
• Brewer's yeast is also very rich in essential mineral sand the B
vitamins(except B12)
34. PROTOZOA
• Size:
• 2.0-200 µm
• Important Characteristics:
• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular
• Some cultivated on laboratory media while some are
intracellular parasites
• Reproduction asexual or sexual
• Practical significance:
• Some cause diseases
• Food for aquatic animals
