This presentation was presented as knowledge session at Knoldus. It is meant for Java professionals to quick-start them in Scala.

1. Introducing Scala
Meetu Maltiar
Principal Consultant
Knoldus

2. Agenda
Starting a Scala project
Scala as a language
Scala Collections
Scala Test

3. SBT
Build tool for Scala based projects
Scala based frameworks like Akka uses it
SBT build definition uses scala based DSL
Incremental compilation
Works with mixed Scala and Java based projects

4. SBT: Lets create a project
SBT Installation download jar and create a script
Instructions: xsbt wiki
Descend in directory where you wanna create the project
In terminal type sbt
Once the sbt is started enter following commands
set name := “ScalaKnolx”
set version := “1.0”
set scalaVersion := “2.9.1”
session save
exit
Open build.sbt and have a look!!

5. SBT: Eclipse IDE
Add Typesafe repo and sbteclipse plugin
In build.sbt
resolvers += "Typesafe Repository" at "http://repo.typesafe.com/typesafe/releases/"
libraryDependencies += "org.scalatest" %% "scalatest" % "1.6.1"
libraryDependencies += "junit" % "junit" % "4.9"
Create project/plugins.sbt and add sbteclipse plugin
addSbtPlugin("com.typesafe.sbteclipse" % "sbteclipse-plugin" % "2.0.0")
Execute sbt eclipse
It will generate eclipse related configs and now we are ready to import
this project in eclipse!!

6. Scala Introduction
Scala is a JVM based language
Scala combines FP and OO which makes it a scalable language
Scala has a REPL
Scala is interoperable with Java

7. Scala is a scripting language
It has a REPL.
Types can be inferred
Less Boilerplate
Scala> var capital = Map(“US” → “Washington”, “France” → “Paris”)
Capital: Map[String, String] = Map(US-> Washington, France->Paris)
Scala> capital += (“japan” → “Tokyo”)
Scala> capital(“France”)
Res2: String = Paris

8. Scala is OO
Every value is an object
Every operation is method call
Exceptions to this in java like statics and primitives are removed
Scala> (1).hashCode
Res1: Int = 1
Scala> (1).+(2)
Res2: Int = 3

9. Scala compared to Java
Scala adds Scala removes
+ pure object system - static members
+ operator overloading - primitive types
+ closures - break, continue
+ mixin composition with traits - special treatment of interfaces
+ existential types - wildcards
+ abstract types - raw types
+ pattern matching - enums

10. Scala cheat sheet (1): Definitions
Scala method definitions Java method definitions
def fun(x: Int) = { Int fun(int x) {
result return result
} }
def fun = result (no parameterless methods)
Scala variable definitions Java variable definitions
var x: Int = expression Int x = expression
val x: String = expression final String x = expression

11. Scala cheat sheet (2): Definitions
Scala Class and Object Java method definitions
class Sample(x: Int, p: Int) { class Sample {
def instMeth(y: Int): Int = x + y private final int x;
} public final int p;
object Sample { Sample(int x, int p) {
def staticMeth(x: Int, y: Int): Int = x * y this.x = x;
} this.p = p;
}
int instMeth(int y) {
return x + y;
}
static int staticMeth(int x, int y) {
return x * y;
}
}

12. Scala cheat sheet (3): Traits
Scala Trait Java Interface
trait T { Interface T {
var field = “!” Int abstractMth(String x)
}
def abstractMth(x: Int): Int
(no concrete methods)
def concMth(x: String) = x + field (no fields)
}
Scala mixin composition Java extension plus implementation
class C extends Super with T class C extends Super implements T

13. Scala HOF
Scala is also FP along-with OO
This means that Function is also an Object
They can be passed along as objects
private def higherOrderFunction(f: Int => Int, x:
Int): Int = {
f(x) + 1
}

14. Scala Pattern Match
All that is required is to add case keyword to each class that is to
be pattern matchable
Similar to switch except that Scala compares objects as
expressions
getInteger(4) match {
case 4 => println("four")
case _ => println("not four")
}
def getInteger(x: Int): Int = {
x
}

15. Scala Traits
They are fundamental unit of code reuse in Scala
They encapsulates method and field definitions, which can be
reused by mixing them in classes
Unlike class inheritance a class can mix any number of traits
Unlike Interfaces they can have concrete methods

16. Scala Collections
Class Person(val name: String, age: Int)
val people: Array[Person]
val(minors, adults) = people partition (_.age < 18)
Three concepts:
- pattern mach
- infix method call
- a function value

17. Scala way of Collections
De-emphasize destructive updates
Focus on transformers that map collections to collections
Have complete range of persistent collections

18. Collection Properties
Object-Oriented
Generic: List[T], Map[K, V]
Optionally persistent: scala.collections.immutable
Higher order: methods like foreach, map, filter
Uniform return type principle: operations return same
type as their left operand

19. Uniform Return Type Principle
scala> val ys = List(1,2,3)
ys: List[Int] = List(1,2,3)
scala> val xs: Seq[Int] = ys
xs: Seq[Int] = List(1,2,3)
scala> xs map(_ + 1)
res0: Seq[Int] = List(2,3,4)
scala> ys map(_ + 1)
res1: List[Int] = List(2,3,4)

20. Using Collections: Map and Filter
scala> val xs = List(1,2,3)
xs: List[Int] = List(1,2,3)
scala> val ys = xs map (x => x + 1)
xs: List[Int] = List(2,3,4)
scala> val ys = xs map(_ + 1)
ys: List[Int] = List(2,3,4)
scala> val zs = ys filter (_ % 2 == 0)
zs: List[Int] = List(2,4)
scala> val as = ys map (0 to _)
as: List[scala.collection.immutable.Range.Inclusive] =
List(Range(0,1), Range(0,1,2), Range(0,1,2,3))

21. Using Collections: flatMap and groupBy
scala> val bs = as.flatten
bs: List[Int] = List(0,1,0,1,2,0,1,2,3)
scala> val bs = ys flatMap(0 to _)
bs: List[Int] = List(0,1,0,1,2,0,1,2,3)
scala> val fruit = Vector(“apples”, “oranges”, “ananas”)
fruit: scala.collection.immutable.Vector[java.lang.String] =
Vector(“apples”, “oranges”, “ananas”)
scala> fruit groupBy (_.head)
res2: scala.collection.immutable.Map[char,
scala.collection.immutable.Vector[java.lang.String]] = Map(a->
Vector(apples, ananas), o -> Vector(oranges))

22. Using Collections: for notation
scala> for(x ← xs) yield x + 1 // map
res0: Seq[Int] = List(2,3,4)
scala> for(x ← res0 if x % 2 == 0) yield x // filter
res1: Seq[Int] = List(2,4)
scala> for(x ← xs; y ← 0 to x) yield y // flatMap
res2: Seq[Int] = List(0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2, 3)

23. String also a collection
Even String is a collection that means that we can apply higher
order functions on it
scala> val aString = “hello world”
aString: java.lang.String = hello world
scala> aString map (_.toUpper)
res1: String = HELLO WORLD

24. Using Maps
scala> val m = Map(1 → “ABC”, 2 → “DEF”, 3 → “GHI”)
m: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int, java.lang.String] = Map(1 →
ABC, 2 → DEF, 3 → GHI)
scala> m(2)
res1: java.lang.String = DEF
scala> m + (4 → “JKL”)
res2: scala.collection.immutable.Map[Int, java.lang.String] = Map(1
→ ABC, 2 → DEF, 3 → GHI, 4 → JKL)
scala> m map {case (k, v) => (v, k)}
res2: scala.collection.immutable.Map[java.lang.String, Int] =
Map(ABC → 1, DEF → 2, GHI → 3)

25. Scala Collection Hierarchy
All collection classes are in scala.collection or one of its sub-
packages mutable, immutable and generic
Root collections are in scala.collection define same interface as
immutable collections and mutable collections add some
modification operations to make it mutable
The generic package contains building block for implementing
collections

26. Scala.Collection Hierarchy

27. Scala.Collection.Immutable

28. Overview of Collections

29. Commonality In Collections
All classes are quite common. For instance every collection can be
created by same uniform syntax
Set(1, 2, 3)
Seq(1, 2, 3)
Traversable(1, 2, 3)
Map(“x” → 24, “y” → 25)
Applies with specific collection implementations
List(1, 2, 3)
HashMap(“x” → 24, “y” → 25)
All these collections get displayed with toString in same way

30. Trait Traversable
Top of Collection Hierarchy. Its abstract method is foreach:
def foreach[U](f: Elem => U)
Traversable also provides lot of concrete methods they fall in following
categories

31. Everything is a library
Collections feel that they are language constructs
Language does not contain any collection related constructs
- no collection types
- no collection literals
- no collection operators
Everything is in library
They are extensible

32. Scala Test
Scala Test is an open source framework for Java platform
With ScalaTest we can test either Scala or Java code
Integrates with popular tools like jUnit, TestNG, Ant, Maven and SBT
Designed to do different styles of testing like Behavior Driven Design for
example

33. Scala Test Concepts
Three concepts:
Suite: A collection of tests. A test is anything which has a name and can
succeed or fail
Runner: ScalaTest provides a runner application and can run a suite of
tests
Reporter: As the tests are run, events are fired to reporter, it takes care
of presenting results back to user

34. Scala Test Is Customizable
Suite
<<trait>>
def expectedTestCount(Filter: Int)
def testNames: Set[String]
def tags: Map[String, Set[String]]
def nestedSuites: List[Suite]
def run(Option[String], Reporter, …)
def runNestedSuites(Reporter, …)
def runTests(Option[String]), Reporter
def runTest(Reporter, …)
def withFixture(NoArgTest)

35. Scala Test: under the hood
When you run a Test in Scala Test you basically invoke
run(Option[String], Reporter, …) on Suite object
It then calls runNestedSuites(Reporter, …)
And it calls runTests(Option[String], Reporter, …)
runNestedSuites(Reporter, …):
Invokes nestedSuites(): List[Suite] to get a list of nested suites
runTests(Option[String], Reporter, …) will call def testNames:
Set[String] to get set of test names to run. For each test it calls
runTest(Reporter, …) It wraps the test code as a Function object with a
name and passes it to the withFixture(NoArgTest) which actually runs the
test

36. Pick a core Trait

37. Mixin other Traits

38. Scala Test: Available Traits
Suite
FunSuite
Spec
FlatSpec
WordSpec
FeatureSpec
Assertions
ShouldMatchers
MustMatchers

39. Suite
Traits approach to writing tests. Create classes extending Suite
and define test methods
Test methods have names testXXXX. All methods must be public
Scala Test provides === operator. It is defined in Trait Assertions.
Allows the failure report to include both right and left values

40. FunSuite
For writing Functional Tests use FunSuite Fun => functional
“test” is a method defined in FunSuite Trait. Test name goes in
parentheses and test body goes in curly braces
The test code in curly braces is passed as a by-name parameter to
“test” method which registers for later execution

41. Assignment
Lets map the world. We have Continents and Countries
Make a Collection hierarchy to hold the above information
Write method on the collection hierarchy to get countries of a
continent
Write method on the collection hierarchy to get continent for a
country
Write tests using FunSuite to test the methods created above