Spain forest management capture co2

Ibán González Fuente Climate Change
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Forest management system for crops with high CO2
capture capacity in Spain.
Spain situation:
Spain occupies an area of 505,955 square kilometers, ranking it among the fifty largest
countries in the world.
Most of its territory is located in the Iberian peninsula, the remaining approximately
12,500 square kilometers, are island-Balearic and Canary Islands, over 32 square
kilometers corresponding to the cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa. The
situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the extreme southwest of Europe, and only 14
kilometers from the African continent, gives Spain a great strategic value with
Mediterranean projection on the one hand, and as a crossroads to Africa and America,
other. The peninsular of much of Spain also explains the length of its coastline, which is
distributed in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. For location, between 36
and 43 degrees north latitude, the climate ranges from temperate oceanic North, the
continental Mediterranean and the Mediterranean center on the east and south, which
makes the existence of a wet Spain for the North and mountainous areas, the green
Spain with lush forests, and dry Mediterranean Spain.

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Average number of days with frost.

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Red Natura (Natural Reserves).

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More information: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Spain
Climate change effects in Spain:
Spain was one of the European countries most affected by climate change. Some species
could disappear, proliferate others would suffer many economic sectors, and increase
risks to health. These are some of the impending consequences of climate change in
Spain.
Alteration of native species
One of the most direct effects of climate change in our country is the disappearance or
alteration of ecosystems. The brown bear, protected since 1973 and still surviving two
species, the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian, will face the complete disappearance of the
favorable climatic conditions for survival. Meanwhile, cork, raw cork industry and
fundamental factor in soil conservation, Southwest disappear by mid-century Spain, and
of Catalonia at the end.
Invasive species
The temperature rise will enable the proliferation of exotic species. One is the zebra
mussel, which was first detected in the Ebro, and that it has spread the Jucar, Segura and
Guadalquivir. Its expansion is worrisome because it modifies the physico-chemical
properties of water, which affects the native wildlife, and may obstruct normal use of
hydraulic constructions where it is installed.

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Another species that proliferates worryingly is the Medusa, whose presence on our
shores and is seriously damaging tourism and fishing beach.
Effects on the economy
The alteration of the species living in our country has a direct impact on economic
sectors that depend on them. Among others, the wine is already seeing production hit,
with increased risk of frost, under periods of ripening grapes, lack of water and changes
in patterns of pests and diseases. The southern regions of the Peninsula will be reduced
production in favor of the North, but this can ensure quality.
Also feel the effects of climate change in sectors directly dependent on climate.
Especially tourism in our country which ranks second in the world by revenue. The heat
transferred and at certain times of year the "comfort temperature" for summer tourism,
both indoor and beach. The snow tourism, meanwhile, will have to deal with a rise in
elevation ski area and a shorter growing seasons.
Sea level rise and flooding
In addition to sea level rise as a consequence of climate change during the second half
of the century to 202 acres of land on the coast of Biscay will be at risk of flooding.
Approximately half of this area corresponds to nuclei urbanized, industrial and
residential.
The fires of the future
The increase in average temperature and decreased rainfall will create the ideal breeding
ground for forest fires, especially in high mountain areas. In recent years and is
appreciating how fires most often exceed 500 epicurean (so-called major forest fires)
and are more virulent and difficult to combat.
Health Risks
Climate change also presents health risks. First, the cold and heat waves will become
more extreme end and durable, so that is expected to charge more lives. Moreover, the
increase in temperature will favor the living conditions for various types of mosquitoes
as well as its ability to transmit infectious diseases. Thus, diseases such as meningitis
and hepatitis are transmitted more easily in the areas of risk, while others already
eradicated diseases such as malaria, could return to reappear in the Ebro Delta.
More information: http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/impactos-
vulnerabilidad-y-adaptacion/plan-nacional-adaptacion-cambio-climatico/evaluacion-
preliminar-de-los-impactos-en-espana-del-cambio-climatico/eval_impactos.aspx

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Forest management system for crops with high CO2 capture capacity.
Introduction.
The vegetation act as sinks of C major life function, photosynthesis. Using this function,
the plants absorb CO2 to compensate both the gas losses that occur by breathing as the
emissions produced in other natural processes (decomposition of organic matter).

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CO2 uptake by terrestrial plant ecosystems is an important component in the global
balance of carbon (C). A scale considers global terrestrial biosphere post about
2,000,000 tonnes / year (unESA, 2005). This value is the result of the small difference
between photosynthetic CO2 uptake and respiration losses, by decomposition of organic
matter and by disturbances of different Nature. This value will be called the biosphere
net output (GDP), and is the long-term amount is stored in the sink.
Sequestered CO2 by plants is the result of differences between atmospheric CO2
absorbed during photosynthesis and CO2 emitted by the atmosphere during respiration.
This difference is converted into biomass and usually between 45-50% of the dry
weight of theplant. Therefore, while the growth is high, the natural vegetation and
agricultural crops are converted into carbon sinks. With this into account, agriculture
can become an effective mechanism for mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2.

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To determine the C sequestered in ecosystems, we must take into C has the stable
incorporated into the soil. If the accumulation of soil C is a slower process than the
accumulation of biomass, the stability of C the soil is increased. Thus, the soil's ability
to store C is important due to accumulated decomposing plant material, from renamed C
of humus. Pruning of deciduous trees and can count as carbon loss upon removal of
crop planting or burned, while if it decomposes naturally pruning in the ground,
becomes an effective immobilization of CO2 over time.
Carbon fixation in C3 plants, C4 and CAM.
Depending on CO2 fixation, the plant will have a different metabolism and therefore
plants are classified into C-3, C-4 or CAM. In them, both the efficiency of water use
and as the rate of CO2 fixation is different.
C-3 plants: They are characterized by maintaining open stomata during day to allow
fixation of CO2, which causes a loss of water by perspiration continuously. At the risk
of dehydration caused by environmental stress, these plants produce stomatal closure
that causes a large decrease in photosynthesis.
C4 plants: are characterized by having open stomata day. As intermediates possess
pumping CO2 in the cell, can afford an unexpected stomatal closure, continuity is
feasible photosynthetic process, thanks to the CO2 reservoir.

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CAM plants: Stomata open at night. Water losses by transpiration is greatly reduced.
They also have a reservoir of CO2, thus also may close stomata without involving an
photosynthetic decline.
Effect of environmental stresses on CO2 fixation.
Environmental stresses such as salinity, drought, high or low decreasing temperature or
solar radiation alters the structure and plant metabolism, thus affecting their growth and
paper as scavengers of CO2 (Martínez-Ballesta et al., 2009). These factors environment
are key variables that affect plant development, as which are essential in the processes
of absorption and transport of water and nutrients. Therefore, the effect of these stresses
can have numerous consequences for crops, varying both physiological responses
short-term individual plants, such as long-term changes in the structure and function of
the plants. Numerous studies have shown the plants against environmental factors have
a broad range of responses that normally lead to a water shortage (Kimball et al. 2002).
Given the strong desiccant air, control water loss has always been a key issue for plants.
By First, the water flow through a plant should be sufficient to maintain nutrition and
incorporating CO2. And secondly, the assimilation and transpiration are closely linked
in almost all plants, the water availability imposes a ceiling on productivity
(development) (Steudle and Peterson, 1998). At the same time, to prevent desiccation of
aerial parts, the flow of water entering the plant through the roots must compensate the
water flow from the leaves. Since physiological processes are extremely sensitive to
water deficit, water conservation maintain reasonably high water potential is usually the
main problem in areas with warm climates and low rainfall.
With increasing temperatures may induce increased photorespiration is a protective
mechanism of the photosynthetic apparatus and which does not entail absorption of
CO2 (Sofo et al., 2005). The combined action of various environmental factors (water
vapor in the atmosphere and Higher temperatures) could lead to an increased production
of biomass, but only if the plants also receive a contribution from other essential
nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium (the action anthropogenic nitrogen
could provide natural ecosystems, as it is a residue of many of our emissions).
It is estimated that CO2 fixation will be increased in the next 60 years due to an increase
in temperature. It is expected that CO2 fixation is increased by 1% per ° C in regions
where the average temperature annual temperature is 30 º C and 10% in regions where
the annual average temperature is 10 ° C. Photosynthetic rates would rise by 25-75% in
plants C3 photosynthesis (the most common in middle and high latitudes), the doubling
of CO2 concentration. The data are less conclusive in the case of plants whose mode is
the C4 photosynthetic typical of warm places, being response ranges from 0% to 10-
25% increase (unESA 2005).
This problem involves the need for studies to determine the effect of different
environmental conditions on the ability CO2 uptake and water and nutrient needs of the
crops.

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CO2 Capture in Spain.
The vegetation is key against global warming in Spain, since it absorbs a large amount
of carbon dioxide (CO2) and also has a great capacity for development, very wooded
and many protected.
There are large differences according to species. The most efficient are the pine and
pine, which absorb 48,870 and 27,180 kilos of CO2 per year, respectively. Instead, cork
absorbs only 4,537 kg.
Among the tree species common in the cities, the melia is the most efficient. A street
with ten of these trees absorb CO2 emitted daily by 10,373 vehicles. The less efficient
in this case would be the three acacia thorns, which only absorb CO2 from 1,619
vehicles, the jacaranda, the 1,405, and the elms, the 1,320 cars.
One square kilometer of forest generates tons of oxygen per year, a wooded acre urban
daily produces oxygen consumed six people, and that a tree absorbs about 20 years the
CO2 emitted annually by a vehicle traveling 10,000 to 20,000 kilometers.
More trees and shrubs CO2 absorb:
TREES:
Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) kg.CO2 year 48,870
Pinus pinea (Stone Pine) kg.CO2 year 27,180
Azederach Melia (Melia) 5,969 = 10,373 cars kg.CO2 day year
Quercus ilex (Holm) kg.CO2 year 5,040
Qercus suber (Cork) kg.CO2 year 4,537
Gleditsia triacanthos kg.CO2 802 day year = 1,619 cars
Ovalifolia Jacaranda (Jacaranda) year = 1,405 1,832 cars kg.CO2 day
Ulmus minor (Olmo) kg.C.O2 762 day year = 1,320 cars
Populneum Brachichiton kg.C.O2 957 day year = 1274 cars

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Citrus aurantium (Naranjo) 555 cars kg.CO2 year = 762 days
Europae Olea (Olive) 570 kg.CO2 year
Populus alba (Alamo) 498 cars kg.CO2 year = 831 days
Platanus x hispanica (Platano) 478 cars kg.CO2 year = 792 days
Sempervirens Cupresus kg.CO2 385 day year = 629 cars
Laurus noviles kg.CO2 384 day year = 526 cars
Cercis siliquastrum (Tree of Love) 19 years = 33 cars kg.CO2 day
Prunus cerasifera (Japanese plum 17 years = 26 cars kg.CO2 day
Bignonoides Catalpa (Catalpa) 11 years = 38 cars kg.CO2 day
SHRUBS
Viburnun tinus (Durillo) 46 years = 77 cars kg.CO2 day
Chamaerops humlis (Palmetto) 40 years = 63 cars kg.CO2 day
Nerium oleander 31 years = 49 cars kg.CO2 day
Arbutus unedo 28 years = 47 cars kg.CO2 day
Lantana chamber 6 years = 10 cars kg.CO2 day
Ligustrum ovalifolium (Privet) kg.CO2 1.3 day year = 2 cars
Myrtus communis (Myrtle) 0.6 Car kg.CO2 year = 0.9 day
Pistacea lentiscus (Mastic) 0.2 year = 0.5 cars kg.CO2 day
(Paspalum paspalodes (Grama) 1.5 kg.CO2 year
Agriculture also plays a key role in the capture of CO2, so, in general, the data obtained
from different studies, plants like cauliflower, watermelon, artichoke, melon, peach,
nectarine, plum, the lemon and grapes among others, are the most efficient fixing of
CO2 per unit of cultivated area.
Moreover, we should consider the possibility of using the remains of vegetation and
agricultural crop residues as feedstock for the production of renewable energy and by
example, biodiesel. If we add all of them in the horticultural industry (skin, flesh, bones
and seeds of the fruit) would get a volume really important for processing into raw
materials for the production of biodiesel, aromas, livestock feed and / or water, both as
purified water for irrigation (Biodisol.com, 2009). All these products increase the eco-
efficiency of crops, and lead to sustainable agriculture as a whole.
We must not forget other species such as Paulownia stormy, known as kiri or empress
tree. With a height of up to 27 meters and large leaves and showy flowers, the kiri
became popular as an ornamental plant in Japan, from where it spread to Europe in the
nineteenth century.
Among its features is its ability to withstand extreme attacks like fire, because it can
regenerate their roots and growth vessels quickly even on land almost barren. Therefore
often used as a "pioneer plant" on infertile soils because its leaves are rich in nitrogen,
provide nutrients to the soil as they decompose, while their roots prevent erosion.
Another advantage is that it is the fastest growing tree around the planet and only eight
years reaches the size of, say, an oak tree 40.

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In addition, it absorbs ten times more carbon dioxide than any other tree and emits large
amounts of oxygen, which makes it a great potential ally in the fight against climate
change. With these credentials, in 2008 in Texas began a project called The Kiri Tree
Revolution, with the goal of planting one million of these trees to purify the polluted
soil of this U.S. state and get back to being suitable for plant growth .
Nevertheless, should be implemented gradually and with great surveillance measures
for their possible effects on the rest of the ecosystem.
Suitable growing land will have freely draining nonsodic friable soil pH 5.5 to 7.5, to
depth of at Least 60cm, and a warm / hot growing season with adequate spring /
summer rain or 3 to 8 megalitres per hectare per year irrigation water available. In the
tropics, elevated plateaus or hills will produce better growth than lowlands. Good site
preparation, Fertiliser, and intensive management During the early months are required
to Obtain the best results. Seeds of all Paulownia species are short-lived and Have
naturally low viability, and there is little prospect That They Will Become invasive
weeds.
A 10 to 20 hectare planting will be suitable to test for range of clone types, timber
management treatments,planting densities, establishment techniques, and in some cases,
soil types. For example, a pilot planting Could evaluate-two methods of site preparation,
2 levels of Fertiliser application, and 2 different planting densities, on 2 different soil
types. With statistical validation through At least two replicates with 100 trees per
treatment, around 3,200 trees of each clone May be required, plus allowance for
"buffer" rows around each treatment plot. A pilot program recommended Malthus May
Contain around 10,000 trees. The best time for planting is in spring or at the start of the
rainy season.

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Carbon finance and markets.
There are numerous ways and ongoing efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote
activities that help carbon storage and disposal. This has made the carbon valuable
commodity. In order to find a common unit of measurement for this commodity, all
GHGs become CO2 equivalents (CO2-eq). the CO2-equivalent traded in carbon
markets, which function similar to financial markets. The currency used are carbon
credits. market and the type of carbon offset project.
During 2009, prices ranged from 1.90 to 13 euros (€) per tonne of CO2-eq. In recent
years emerged many financial instruments and market mechanisms.
There are two types of carbon markets: the regulated compliance and volunteers. The
regulated market is used by businesses and governments, by law, are accountable of
their GHG emissions. It is regulated by statutory carbon reduction, and whether
national, regional or international. In the voluntary market, however, trade credit occurs
on an optional basis. The dimensions of the two markets differ markedly. In 2008, he
traded in the regulated market 119,000 million (U.S. $), and the voluntary U.S. $ 704
million (Hamilton et al., 2009).
The three Kyoto Protocol mechanisms are very important for the market regulated: the
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI acronym English)
and the Conditions for trading GHG emissions (ETS, acronym in English). Some
countries have legally accepted the Kyoto Protocol, but have other schemes legally
binding GHG reduction, or regional2 statewide. Country in development can only
participate in the CDM. In general, small projects AFOLU scale in developing
countries, the voluntary market is more interesting than the regulated, because the
CDM market has a fairly complex mechanisms and procedures for registration
project, which exclude most agricultural projects, forestry and reducing 2 P. for
Example., Plan GHG Reduction Australian New South Wales (NSW GGAS, acronym
in English) and the Regional Initiative GHG in the United States (RGGI, English
acronym), which brings together ten states of the U.S. East Coast.
Some rule of the CDM:
- Additionality of emissions reductions or sequestration must be additional to any
that would have occurred without the project. GHG emissions after the
implementation of the project should be lower than they would been to date.
- Permanence: when the credits counted, an important issue is the carbon storage
duration and risk of loss (accident natural or human, such as fires, floods or
outbreaks of pests). The not stored indefinitely carbon in forest biomass and the
soil, So we developed a credit system for afforestation and reforestation credits
that expire approximately within between five and thirty years, and can be
refurbished and resold.
- Leaks: unforeseen and indirect emissions of GHG resulting from activities
projects. For example, if the afforestation of agricultural land results in the
migration of those who grew, who deforest some other area.

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Why use plants to remove CO2 is more beneficial than the other techniques.
1. - All techniques anthropogenic inclusions (contrary to what would be a reforestation)
produce effects that assumes average but in no way are beneficial for it.
2. - Geologic storage is today a technique which can store a large amount of CO2, but in
the future these bags could cause great problems, since although today reservoirs
located in parts tectonically stable in the future, as has occurred throughout geological
history of the Earth, you can make this happen and we would like great rafts of
greenhouse gases would be emitted into the atmosphere in a short time.
3. - The most important cause of species loss on the planet so far has been the
destruction of habitats, well, cultivation and replanting creates new habitats for different
organisms on the planet, helping to conserve the diversity of species.
4. - The Oceans are becoming more acidic due to the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere,
some marine organisms are losing and having difficulty getting the calcium carbonate
necessary for their existence. Then the ocean is reaching a point where you can not
increase CO2 capture.
5. - On the other hand, high adaptability that have the plants and allowing them to
withstand large changes over thousands of million years, and therefore continue storing
CO2 for a long time with little maintenance.
6.- Possibility of installation of crops to capture CO2 inside or in the vicinity of
pollutant sources (industries, roads, cities, oil refineries, cement ...).
7.- Other potencial benefits of sustainable management practices agricultural and forest:
- Agroforestry: increased resistance to climatic extremes by improved water retention
and enrichment of fertility ground.
- Restoration of degraded lands: restoring degraded watersheds and reducing soil
erosion.
- Overall: increased productivity, increased revenue and food security through a
diversified system of production.

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However, all CO2 capture techniques together against climate change will be more
effective and with current 400ppm CO2 is essential a joint struggle against it.

Spain forest management capture co2

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