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Activity 8-spinal cord-eye-ear-2
- 1. Activity #8: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, & Sensory Organs Chapters 16 & 19 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e. Objectives: • Identify structures in the gross anatomy of the spinal cord on both models and cadavers or wet specimens. • Identify structures in the cross section of the spinal cord on classroom models. • Identify the nerve plexuses and specific nerves from each. • Identify structures from the human eye on models. • Dissect a cow eye and identify the structures listed. • Identify structures of the ear on classroom models. • Histology: Observe and identify structures in a histology slide of the cochlea. 1Compilation: Lisa Radmall
- 2. Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy 2 • Cervical enlargement • Thoracic region • Lumbar enlargement • Conus medullaris • Cauda equina • Filum terminale • Spinal Nerves • Cervical (C1-C8) • Thoracic (T1-T12) • Lumbar (L1-L5) • Sacral (S1-S5) • Coccygeal (Co1) • Denticulate Ligaments Fig. 16.1
- 3. Spinal Cord: Cross Section 3
- 4. Spinal Cord: Cross Section 4
- 5. Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces 5Fig. 16.2a
- 6. Spinal Cord: Meninges & Spaces 6 Subdural space Arachnoid mater
- 7. Spinal Nerves: Plexuses 7 • All ventral rami except T2-T12 form interlacing nerve networks called plexuses. • Major nerve plexuses are found in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions of the spinal cord. • Each resulting branch of a plexus contains fibers from several spinal nerves. • Thoracic spinal nerves T2-T12 do not form a plexus; branch to intercostal nerves. • You will be responsible to know the listed nerves and (only) the muscles they innervate from your muscle anatomy labs.
- 8. Spinal Nerves: Cervical Plexus 8Fig. 16.8
- 9. Phrenic Nerve – Innervation of Diaphragm 9
- 10. Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus 10Fig. 16.9a
- 11. Spinal Nerves: Brachial Plexus 11 • Axillary nerve • Median nerve (center of “M”) • Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”) • Radial nerve • Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”) • Long thoracic nerve • Medial pectoral nerve • Lateral pectoral nerve Fig. 16.9c
- 12. Brachial Plexus – Axillary Nerve 12 • Axillary nerve • Innervation • Deltoid • Teres minor Table 16.4
- 13. Brachial Plexus – Median Nerve 13 • Median nerve (center of “M”) • Innervation: Anterior forearm muscles • Pronator teres • Flexor capri radialis • Palmaris longus • Flexor digitorum superficialis • Flexor digitorum profundus • Flexor pollicis longus Table 16.4
- 14. Brachial Plexus – Musculocutaneous Nerve 14 • Musculotaneous nerve (lateral on “M”) • Innervation • Biceps brachii (both heads) • Brachialis Table 16.4
- 15. Brachial Plexus – Radial Nerve 15 • Radial nerve • Innervation: Posterior arm muscles • Triceps brachii (3 heads) • Innervation: Posterior forearm muscles • Brachioradialis • Supinator • Extensor carpi radialis • Extensor carpi ulnaris • Extensor digitorum • Extensor pollicis longus • Extensor pollicis brevis • Abductor pollicis longus Table 16.4
- 16. Brachial Plexus – Ulnar Nerve 16 • Ulnar nerve (medial on “M”) • Innervation • Flexor carpi ulnaris • Flexor digitorum profundus • Most hand muscles Table 16.4
- 17. Brachial Plexus – Long Thoracic Nerve 17 • Long thoracic nerve • Innervation • serratus anterior
- 18. Brachial Plexus – Pectoral Nerves 18 • Medial pectoral nerve • Innervation • Pectoralis Major • Pectoralis Minor • Lateral pectoral nerve • Innervation • Pectoralis Major
- 19. Spinal Nerves: Intercostal Nerves 19 • Intercostal Nerves • Branch from spinal nerves • Do NOT form a plexus • Innervation: intercostal muscles Fig. 16.7
- 20. Spinal Nerves: Lumbar Plexus 20Fig. 16.10
- 21. Lumbar Plexus – Femoral Nerve 21 • Femoral nerve • Innervation: Anterior thigh muscles • Illiacus • Psoas major • Pectineus • Sartorius • Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis • Vastus medialis • Vastus intermedius Table 16.5
- 22. Lumbar Plexus – Obturator Nerve 22 • Obturator nerve • Innervation: Medial thigh muscles • Gracilis • Adductor longus • Adductor brevis • Adductor magnus • Pectineus Table 16.5
- 23. Spinal Nerves: Sacral Plexus 23Fig. 16.11
- 24. Sacral Plexus – Gluteal Nerves 24 • Inferior gluteal nerve • Innervation • Gluteus maximus • Superior gluteal nerve • Innervation • Tensor fasciae latae • Gluteus medius • Gluteus minimus
- 25. Sacral Plexus – Tibial Nerve 25 Sciatic nerve (branches into tibial and common fibular nerve) • Tibial nerve • Innervation: Posterior thigh & leg muscles • Biceps femoris long head • Semitendinosus • Semimembranosus • Adductor magnus • Gastrocnemius • Soleus • Popliteus • Flexor digitorum longus • Flexor hallicus longus • Plantar surface of foot Table 16.6
- 26. Sacral Plexus – Common Fibular Nerve 26 • Common fibular nerve • Innervation: Biceps femoris (short head) • Branches into deep and superficial fibular nerve • Deep fibular nerve • Innervation: Dorsal surface of foot • Innervation: Anterior leg muscles • Tibialis anterior • Extensor digitorum longus • Extensor hallicus longus • Superficial fibular nerve • Innervation: Lateral compartment • Fibularis longus • Fibularis brevis Table 16.6
- 27. 27 Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Lateral view Orbital fat pad Palpebra (eyelid)
- 28. 28 Extrinsic Eye Muscles - Medial view
- 29. Extrinsic Eye Muscles – Innervation & Movement 29 The six (6) extrinsic eye muscles, innervation, and movement of the eye: 1. Inferior Oblique • (CNIII) elevates and turns eye laterally 2. Inferior Rectus • (CNIII) pulls eye inferiorly 3. Superior Rectus • (CNIII) pulls eye superiorly 4. Medial Rectus • (CNIII) pulls eye medially 5. Lateral Rectus • (CNVI) pulls eye laterally 6. Superior Oblique • (CNIV) depresses and turns eye laterally
- 30. Accessory Structures of the Eye 30Fig. 19.10
- 31. Layers of the Eye Wall 31 • Conjunctiva • Surrounds most of eye, covers sclera • Fibrous Tunic (outermost layer) • Anterior cornea – Transparent and avascular. Nourished by lacrimal fluid. • Posterior sclera – “White” of eye. Gives shape and protection to eye. • Vascular Tunic (middle layer) • Choroid – Capillary network. Supplies nutrients and oxygen to retina. • Ciliary body & muscles – Smooth muscle & epithelium affect tension on suspensory ligaments, altering shape of lens. • Iris – Color of eye. Smooth muscle, controls pupil size & diameter. • Neural Tunic (innermost layer) • Retina – Pigmented layer provides vitamin A for photoreceptor cells in Neural layer.
- 32. Layers of the Eye Wall 32
- 33. Structures of the Eye 33 Ora serrata
- 34. Cavities of the Eye 34Fig. 19.16
- 35. Cow Eye: External & Internal Anatomy 35
- 36. Sensory Organ: The Ear 36 The ear is composed of three regions: the external ear, located mostly on the outside of the head, and the middle and inner ear, which are housed within the petrous portion of the temporal bone
- 37. Sensory Organ: The Ear 37Fig. 19.19
- 38. Structure of the Middle Ear 38Fig. 19.20
- 39. Structure of the Inner Ear 39Fig. 19.21
- 40. Structure of the Cochlea and Spiral Organ 40Fig. 19.26
- 42. Sensory Organ: The Ear 42Fig. 19.19
- 44. Image References 44 3- studyblue.com 5-www.slccanatomy.com 6- 9- studyblue.com 17- 18- 24- https://web.duke.edu/anatomy/Lab13-15/lab13images/lab13-step4a.jpg 27-30- http://medical-transcriptionist-reference.blogspot.com/2012/05/eye-muscles.html https://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu 33- google 43- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeTriGTENoc
- 45. Accessory Structures of the Eye 45 Lacrimal caruncle Nasolacrimal duct Palpebra (eyelid)
Notes de l'éditeur
- Table 1 – Gross Anatomy of Spinal Cord As listed.
- Table 2 – Cross Section of Spinal Cord Central canal Posterior median sulcus, anterior median fissure Posterior (dorsal) root, posterior rootlets, posterior (dorsal) root ganglion Anterior (ventral) root, anterior rootlets Gray matter: posterior (dorsal) horns, gray commissure, lateral horns, anterior (ventral) horns White matter: posterior white columns, anterior white columns, lateral white columns
- Table 2 – Cross Section of Spinal Cord Central canal Posterior median sulcus, anterior median fissure Posterior (dorsal) root, posterior rootlets, posterior (dorsal) root ganglion Anterior (ventral) root, anterior rootlets Gray matter: posterior (dorsal) horns, gray commissure, lateral horns, anterior (ventral) horns White matter: posterior white columns, anterior white columns, lateral white columns
- Table 2 – Spinal Meninges & Spaces Epidural space Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater
- Table 2 – Spinal Meninges & Spaces Epidural space Dura mater Subdural space Arachnoid mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater
- Table 3.1 – Cervical Plexus Phrenic nerve
- Table 3.1 – Cervical Plexus Phrenic nerve – innervation of diaphragm
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, Axillary, Radial Long thoracic, medial pectoral, lateral pectoral Detailed in following slides.
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Axillary, Median, Musculocutaneous, Radial, Ulnar Not on illustration: long thoracic, medial pectoral, lateral pectoral Detailed in following slides.
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Axillary nerve innervation: deltoid, teres minor
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Median nerve innervation: anterior forearm muscles (list 5)
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Musculotaneous nerve innervation: biceps brachii, brachialis
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Radial nerve innervation: posterior arm muscles (list 2) posterior forearm muscles (list 8)
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Ulnar nerve innervation: flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum profundus most hand muscles
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Long thoracic nerve innervation: serratus anterior
- Table 3.2 – Brachial Plexus Medial pectoral nerve innervation: pectoralis major, pectoralis minor Lateral pectoral nerve innervation: pectoralis major
- Table 3.3 Intercostal Nerves Innervation: intercostal muscles
- Table 3.4 – Lumbar Plexus Femoral nerve, obturator nerve
- Table 3.4 – Lumbar Plexus Femoral never innervation: anterior thigh muscles (list 8)
- Table 3.4 – Lumbar Plexus Obturator nerve innervation: medial thigh muscles (list 5)
- Table 3.5 – Sacral Plexus Superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve Sciatic nerve tibial nerve, common fibular nerve deep fibular nerve, superficial fibular nerve
- Table 3.5 – Sacral Plexus Superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve
- Table 3.5 – Sacral Plexus Tibial nerve innervation: posterior thigh muscles (list 4) Posterior leg muscles (list 5) Plantar surface of foot
- Table 3.5 – Sacral Plexus Common fibular nerve innervation: biceps femoris short head Deep fibular nerve innervation: dorsal surface of foot, anterior leg muscles (list 3) Superficial fibular nerve innervation: lateral compartment of leg
- Table 4 – Extrinsic Eye Muscles Inferior oblique Inferior rectus Superior rectus Lateral rectus Superior oblique (Medial rectus next slide) Accessory Structures: Orbital fat pad, Palpebra
- Table 4 – Extrinsic Eye Muscles Medial rectus Better view superior oblique
- Table 4 – Movement of (6) Extrinsic Eye Muscles
- Table 4 - Accessory Structures Lacrimal gland Nasolacrimal duct Lacrimal caruncle
- Table 5 – Layers of Eye Wall
- Table 5 – Layers of Eye Wall
- Table 5 – Structures of Eye Optic nerve (CN II) Fibrous tunic: sclera, cornea Vascular tunic: choroid, ciliary body & muscles, iris, pupil Neural tunic: retina, optic disc, macula lutea, fovea centralis, ora serrata
- Table 6 – Cavities of Eye Anterior cavity: anterior chamber, posterior chamber, aqueous humor Lens Posterior cavity: vitreous humor
- Anatomical reference for student dissection.
- Table 6 (7) External Ear Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus (or canal) Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
- Table 6 (7) Middle Ear Auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes Auditory (eustachian) tube Round window Oval window (hidden by tensor tympani muscle)
- Table 6 (7) Inner Ear Vestibule: saccule, utricle Semi-circular canals: lateral, anterior, posterior, semi-circular ducts, ampullae Cochlea: scala media (or cochlear duct), scala vestibuli (or vestibular duct), scala tympani (or tympanic duct) Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): vestibular branch, cochlear branch and nerve
- Table 7 (8) Structure of Cochlea and Spiral Organ Cochlear branch of CNVIII Bony cochlea Scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani Spiral organ: basilar membrane, hair cells, tectorial membrane, vestibular membrane
- Table 7 (8) Structure of Cochlea and Spiral Organ Cochlear branch of CNVIII Bony cochlea Scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani Spiral Organ of Corti: basilar membrane, hair cells, tectorial membrane, vestibular membrane
- For review: 3 regions make the whole.
- 6:45 YouTube video explains how parts work together. Helps students learn anatomical location relative to hearing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeTriGTENoc
- Table 4 – Accessory Structures