The digestive system is a series of hollow organs that forms a long twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. Food is broken down mechanically and chemically as it passes through this system. Digestion involves the breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into bloodstream. The digestive system contains glands that produce juices to help break down food as it passes through organs like the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

1. The Digestive system

2. Teeth
Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more
easily absorbed into a blood stream, for instance. Digestion is a form of catabolism: a breakdown of
large food molecules to smaller ones.
The digestive system is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the
anus. Inside this tube is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the
mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. There are also two solid digestive
organs, the liver and the pancreas, which produce juices that reach the intestine through small tubes. In

3. addition, parts of other organ systems (for instance, nerves and blood) play a major role in the digestive
system.
The esophagus (oesophagus) is an organ in vertebrates which consists of a muscular tube through which
food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through
the pharynx into the esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the stomach. The word esophagus is
derived from the Latin œsophagus, which derives from the Greek word oisophagos, lit. "entrance for
eating." In humans the esophagus is continuous with the laryngeal part of the pharynx at the level of the
C6 vertebra. The esophagus passes through posterior mediastinum in thorax and enters abdomen
through a hole in the diaphragm at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebrae (T10). It is usually about 10–
50 cm long depending on individual height. It is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. Due
to the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, the entry to the esophagus opens only when swallowing
or vomiting.
The large intestine (or "large bowel") is the third-to-last part of the digestive system in vertebrate
animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass
useless waste material from the body.[1] This article is primarily about the human gut, though the
information about its processes are directly applicable to most mammal
The small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the
large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. In invertebrates
such as worms, the terms "gastrointestinal tract" and "large intestine" are often used to describe the
entire intestine. This article is primarily about the human gut, though the information about its
processes is directly applicable to most placental mammals. The primary function of the small intestine
is the absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food
Normal Function of the Esophagus
The esophagus seems to have only one important function in
the body—to carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to
the stomach. The stomach then acts as a container to start
digestion and pump food and liquids into the intestines in a
controlled process. Food can then be properly digested over
time, and nutrients can be absorbed by the intestines.
The esophagus transports food to the stomach by coordinated
contractions of its muscular lining. This process is automatic
and people are usually not aware of it. Many people have felt their esophagus when they swallow
something too large, try to eat too quickly, or drink very hot or very cold liquids. They then feel
the movement of the food or drink down the esophagus into the stomach, which may be an
uncomfortable sensation.

4. The muscular layers of the esophagus are normally pinched together at both the upper and lower
ends by muscles called sphincters. When a person swallows, the sphincters relax automatically to
allow food or drink to pass from the mouth into the stomach. The muscles then close rapidly to
prevent the swallowed food or drink from leaking out of the stomach back into the esophagus or
into the mouth. These sphincters make it possible to swallow while lying down or even upside-
down. When people belch to release swallowed air or gas from carbonated beverages, the
sphincters relax and small amounts of food or drink may come back up briefly; this condition is
called reflux. The esophagus quickly squeezes the material back into the stomach. This amount
of reflux and the reaction to it by the esophagus are considered normal.
While these functions of the esophagus are obviously an important part of everyday life, people
who must have their esophagus removed, for example because of cancer, can live a relatively
healthy life without it.
Human Digestive Digestive System Label Me! Printout (Simple
version)
System Digestive System Label Me! Printout
The human digestive system is a complex series of
organs and glands that processes food. In order to
use the food we eat, our body has to break the food
down into smaller molecules that it can process; it
also has to excrete waste.
Most of the digestive organs (like the stomach and
intestines) are tube-like and contain the food as it
makes its way through the body. The digestive
system is essentially a long, twisting tube that runs
from the mouth to the anus, plus a few other organs
(like the liver and pancreas) that produce or store
digestive chemicals.
The Digestive Process:
The start of the process - the mouth: The digestive process begins in the mouth. Food is partly
broken down by the process of chewing and by the chemical action of salivary enzymes (these
enzymes are produced by the salivary glands and break down starches into smaller molecules).
On the way to the stomach: the esophagus - After being chewed and swallowed, the food
enters the esophagus. The esophagus is a long tube that runs from the mouth to the stomach. It
uses rhythmic, wave-like muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into
the stomach. This muscle movement gives us the ability to eat or drink even when we're upside-
down.

5. In the stomach - The stomach is a large, sack-like organ that churns the food and bathes it in a
very strong acid (gastric acid). Food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with
stomach acids is called chyme.
In the small intestine - After being in the stomach, food enters the duodenum, the first part of
the small intestine. It then enters the jejunum and then the ileum (the final part of the small
intestine). In the small intestine, bile (produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder),
pancreatic enzymes, and other digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small
intestine help in the breakdown of food.
In the large intestine - After passing through the small intestine, food passes into the large
intestine. In the large intestine, some of the water and electrolytes (chemicals like sodium) are
removed from the food. Many microbes (bacteria like Bacteroides, Lactobacillus acidophilus,
Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella) in the large intestine help in the digestion process. The first part
of the large intestine is called the cecum (the appendix is connected to the cecum). Food then
travels upward in the ascending colon. The food travels across the abdomen in the transverse
colon, goes back down the other side of the body in the descending colon, and then through the
sigmoid colon.
The end of the process - Solid waste is then stored in the rectum until it is excreted via the anus.
Digestive System Glossary:
abdomen - the part of the body that contains the digestive organs. In human beings, this is
between the diaphragm and the pelvis
alimentary canal - the passage through which food passes, including the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, and anus.
Anus - the opening at the end of the digestive system from which feces (waste) exits the body.
Appendix - a small sac located on the cecum.
ascending colon - the part of the large intestine that run upwards; it is located after the cecum.
bile - a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted
into the small intestine.
cecum - the first part of the large intestine; the appendix is connected to the cecum.
chyme - food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. Chyme goes
on to the small intestine for further digestion.
descending colon - the part of the large intestine that run downwards after the transverse colon
and before the sigmoid colon.
digestive system - (also called the gastrointestinal tract or GI tract) the system of the body that
processes food and gets rid of waste.
duodenum - the first part of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from the stomach to the
jejunum.
epiglottis - the flap at the back of the tongue that keeps chewed food from going down the
windpipe to the lungs. When you swallow, the epiglottis automatically closes. When you
breathe, the epiglottis opens so that air can go in and out of the windpipe.
Esophagus - the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle
movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach.
gall bladder - a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a

6. digestive chemical which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine.
gastrointestinal tract - (also called the GI tract or digestive system) the system of the body that
processes food and gets rid of waste.
Ileum - the last part of the small intestine before the large intestine begins.
Intestines - the part of the alimentary canal located between the stomach and the anus.
jejunum - the long, coiled mid-section of the small intestine; it is between the duodenum and the
ileum.
Liver - a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood,
and makes bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins.
mouth - the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary
enzymes in the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food).
pancreas - an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines.
Enzymes from the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small
intestine.
peristalsis - rhythmic muscle movements that force food in the esophagus from the throat into
the stomach. Peristalsis is involuntary - you cannot control it. It is also what allows you to eat
and drink while upside-down.
rectum - the lower part of the large intestine, where feces are stored before they are excreted.
salivary glands - glands located in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that
break down carbohydrates (starch) into smaller molecules.
sigmoid colon - the part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum.
stomach - a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. Both chemical and
mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it is churned in
a bath of acids and enzymes.
transverse colon - the part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdomen.
Related Pages:
Digestive System (simple version) Digestive System
Label the digestive system. Label the digestive system.
Answers Answers
How digest.
We all need food to help us grow, but how do we turn an apple, a sandwich or a cupcake into
something useful to our bodies? We digest it. We break it down into pieces our body can use –
pieces like sugar and fats for energy, and protein for muscles.
Digestion begins right when we eat food. Our teeth and our saliva (our spit!) break food
down and allow us to swallow it. The food is then carried down a long pipe – called the
―esophagus‖ – to the stomach.

7. Our stomachs grind and mash up our food into a mushy goop called “chime.” Once food is
in this mushy form, our body is ready to pull out the nutrients (the healthy bits!). To do this,
the food leaves the stomach and goes into a long tube called the small intestine.
It‘s a journey of about 20 feet! And it‘s all coiled up inside you. This is where most digestion
takes place. Food continues to be broken down even more! The small intestine pulls out the
nutrients, which are sent out to the rest of our bodies to help us grow!
Our bodies can‘t use all of the food we eat. What‘s left over is waste. After the leftovers leave
the small intestine, they enter the large intestine. There, the watery part of the waste is removed
and only the solid, or hard parts, remain. Since our bodies can‘t use them, we have to get rid of
them. After the large intestine, there‘s nowhere else to go but out! This is when you head to the
bathroom!
The whole process can take between one and three days. Your apple, your sandwich, or your
cupcake has become something you flush away in the toilet! (Only after your body has taken out
all of the nutrients it will use as fuel to move and grow.)
The Process of Digestion
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Two Stages Of Digestion
Food is digested in two stages. The first stage involves the bolus (where the concentration of
enzymes is low) as it moves along the alimentary tract. At this stage, the food is subjected to
primary treatment, the boluses are first broken down into smaller ones and these in turn become
separate molecules.
The main process of digestion (the breakdown of molecules) occurs at the second stage when
digestion takes place in the intestine near the intestinal wall. This type of digestion, called
parietal digestion, is very good for the organism. The first advantage, which has already been
mentioned, is that it is possible to attain a very high rate of digestion with only small amounts of
enzymes. The other advantage is that the digestive enzymes can be used sparingly. The enzymes
that are adsorbed on the intestinal wall are preserved and continue to serve the organism for a
long time, while those from the bolus are eliminated together with the remains of the undigested
food and are thus lost. The third and final advantage is that the completely digested food, which
is ready to be absorbed by the blood, appears to be just where absorption takes place, i. e. close
to the intestinal wall. This greatly accelerates and improves absorption.
This discovery allowed another mystery to be solved. Physicians have long been aware that
sometimes in some humans the alimentary glands almost stop function as a result of illness. The
sick person does not notice this since it almost does not aftect his digestion. How the food was
digested remained a puzzle. Now it has been discovered that the negligible amounts of enzymes
secreted by a faulty gland are adsorbed by the intestinal wall, accumulated and retained, thus
ensuring the normal digestion of food.

8. July 9, 2010 at 9:35 am under Food and Digestion.
Tags: alimentary tract, bolus, digestion, enzymes, food, intestinal wall, process of digestion
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Diet Management and Digestion
On the spur of the moment many of us would want to go on a diet in order to stay healthy and fit.
However, it is necessary to emphasize that you should know the objective of your diet
management which might include one or all of the following:
If you are diabetic, you need to control the levels of glucose in blood and prevent loss of glucose
in urine.
Achievement of a satisfactory weight. Overweight is indeed a health hazard particularly for
diabetics. If you are under-weight, you will need to increase your body weight.
Provision of a palatable diet which is acceptable to each individual.
Getting sufficient calories for normal activities.
Once the objectives are clear, the next step is to:
Develop the diet plan relative to each person depending on his/her age, weight, height and
activity. The planned diet should take into account the individual’s economic status, availability
and cost of food items, national, religious and social customs, personal idiosyncrasies,
occupation, facilities for preparing and obtaining meals and so on.
Define whether the person is diabetic or not.
Determine the nutritional requirements of the person.
Unfortunately, we still see people eating the same food over and over again. They simply resist
changing their nutritional habits for their benefit.
However, it is important to understand the following : ― Eating well, while eating right; Eating
right is half the fight!‖
What it means here is that you can have a free choice for possible substitutions in your diet
instead of sticking to the same program. Just make sure you meet your objectives.
April 1, 2010 at 10:05 pm under Diet.
Tags: body weight, diabetic, diet management, diet plan, food
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Lower Your Cholesterol
Cholesterol has mistakenly been shown the main villain in heart disease whereas the fact is that
one type is good for you!
In fact:

9. Studies show that foods high in cholesterol don’t raise the cholesterol level
An increase of the good type of cholesterol – HDL – is good for your heart
A diet high in vegetables and soy can lead to a reduction in cholesterol level
Niacin (vitamin B3) supplements can also lower the bad cholesterol level
The hype about cholesterol started after a scientist found that rabbits developed heart disease
after being fed cholesterol. He didn‘t realize that because rabbits are vegetarians they have no
means of dealing with animal fat.
Recent controlled tests have shown that an increase in the consumption of shrimps and eggs,
which are high in cholesterol, do not lead to an increase in levels.
However, this doesn‘t mean you can go out and binge on cholesterol. The problem is that foods
high in cholesterol are mostly high in saturated fats, which most definitely are bad for hearts and
arteries.
A complication with cholesterol is that there are two types: HDL cholesterol (high density
lipoprotein) and LDL cholesterol (low density lipoprotein).
If you have a high cholesterol level, and much of it is LDL cholesterol, you‘re at high risk for
heart disease. A relatively high level of HDL usually means low risk. If your HDL makes up
one-fifth of your amount of cholesterol you have average risk of heart disease – this is a ratio of
cholesterol to HDL of 5:1. With only one-eighth of HDL you‘re at high risk. If HDL accounts
for one-third you‘re low risk (3:1).
However, having a very small amount of cholesterol in your body is not good news either!
People with low levels have been found to lead to strokes and to cause anti-social behavior.
How do you lower a high level of cholesterol? A recent report showed that a diet high in soy
products, beans and vegetables, and without meat or fish could lower the level as much as some
medications.
Nutritional supplements lower cholesterol levels. Also, recent studies show that taking fairly
large amounts of niacin (B3) can have more effect than the cholesterol-lowering drugs
gemfribrozil and lovastatin in reducingl levels. They do this by increasing the HDL level, while
reducing total cholesterol levels.
However, if you take 500-1,500mg niacin, which you need to reduce cholesterol levels, you may
find that you get flushed uncomfortably. You can overcome this by taking the supplement in
smaller doses three times a day, or by taking ‗no-flush niacin‘.
So, if you are at risk with high cholesterol make sure that it is LDL cholesterol that is relatively
high, and take a niacin supplement. Of course, never abandon medications without the advice of
a doctor. Niacin and cholesterol-lowering drugs have been found to work well together.

10. March 8, 2010 at 12:55 pm under Diet.
Tags: cholesterol, cholesterol level, food, HDL, heart disease, LDL
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Benefits of Biotin for Digestive System
Biotin is an important vitamin for proper digestion. It affects processing of most food. Biotin
works with some other B vitamins to carry out essential functions, and is part of the vitamin B
family, all of which are important to health. It is soluble in water, so you need some every day.
Biotin affects the processing of protein, fats and carbohydrates – that‘s almost all of your main
foodstuffs. For example, these processes include building amino acids into protein, getting
energy from glucose. It also helps convert folic acid (folacin) into its active form so that it can do
its work!
Severe deficiency of biotin is fairly rare, but various factors can prevent proper absorption of
biotin. Infants can develop deficiency in biotin, however. In adults, antibiotics can result in
deficiency of biotin, and some other vitamins.
Another cause of deficiency is the consumption of raw egg white in foods such as chocolate
mousse. Biotin is not affected by cooked eggs. One reason that severe deficiency of biotin is rare
is that the some biotin is synthesised in the intestine.
Although severe deficiency is rare, many Americans don‘t get enough biotin to maintain good
health, and a supplement should contain at least 50 mcg, and 100-200 mcg biotin is better. In
fact, the majority of people don‘t get enough vitamins, particularly B vitamins to maintain good
health.
To get the benefits of biotin and enjoy life more, you can take either a vitamin B complex
supplement, or better a multi-vitamin-mineral supplement which contains all B vitamins.
February 11, 2010 at 9:43 pm under Vitamins.
Tags: B vitamins, biotin, digestion, food, health, protein
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Enzymes And Chemical Reactions
An experiment was carried out. A piece of intestine was placed for some time in a test tube
containing a starch solution. The idea was that if the intestine contained digestion-accelerating
substances, they would be secreted into the test tube. The intestine was then removed and some
amylase added to the starch. Digestion proceeded slowly, just as in the original experiments.
Perhaps the piece of intestine did not have enough time to secrete the substance it was supposed
to have. Yet another experiment was carried out. An extract was obtained from the intestine of a
slaughtered animal. The extract should, no doubt, have contained the required substance.

11. However, when the extract was added to the test tube containing the starch and amylase, it did
not accelerate the rate of digestion. This meant that the intestinal wall did not contain substances
accelerating the process of digestion. What then triggered off the process?
The puzzle was solved unexpectedly. It was the very structure of the intestinal wall that
facilitated the process of digestion. The surface of the epithelial cells lining the intestine carries
ultra-microscopic shoots. Each cell carries as many as three thousand shoots, and this makes the
surface area of the intestine very extensive, enabling it to adsorb, i. e. precipitate and retain, a
great many enzymes. These enzymes act as catalysts accelerating chemical reactions. The
enzymes interact chemically with the reagents, but as soon as the reaction is complete, they
regain their previous chemical composition. This explains why even small amounts of catalysts
markedly accelerate the rate of chemical reactions.
It is only natural that digestion is more energetic on the surface of the intestinal wall where the
concentration of enzymes is much greater than within the mass of food. The total amount of
enzymes may not be large; they can be used again and again. What is important is their
extremely high concentration and this is why even moderate amounts of enzymes ensure a high
rate of digestion.
January 3, 2010 at 11:12 am under Food and Digestion.
Tags: amylase, catalysts, digestion, enzymes, food, intestinal wall, intestine, process of digestion,
starch, test tube
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Intestinal Wall Accelerate Digestion
It was not easy to study the process of digestion. It was as late as the turn of the last century that
the Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov completed a detailed study of the main alimentary
glands. They turned out to be numerous and, what is more, it was discovered that for each type
of food they produce a special composition of digestive juices. Academician Pavlov was
awarded the Nobel prize, the highest international award, for these investigations. Thus, the basic
mystery surrounding the process of digestion seemed to have been unveiled. However, the
discovery was not yet complete. Nobody could reproduce the entire process of digestion in the
laboratory by pouring into a test tube the necessary digestive juices in the correct sequence, and
thus imitating the process observed in living organisms under natural conditions. The food was
also digested in the test tube, but the process was all too slow, much slower than in the
alimentary tract.
Recently, scientists have succeeded in uncovering this mystery. An astonishing thing is that the
food which comes into contact with the intestinal wall is digested much more quickly than that
incorporated in the main mass of food. This is similar to what happens when food is fried in a
pan: the food in immediate contact with the walls of the pan cooks much more quickly. This is
quite understandable, for the pan is much hotter than the food. But the intestinal wall is not at all
hot, so why then does it accelerate digestion?

12. The first thing was to find out whether the intestinal wall ready accelerated digestion. With this
in view, the following experiment was carried out. A piece of intestine from a freshly killed
animal was placed in one of two test tubes containing equal amounts of a mixture of starch and
an amylase (a starch-splitting enzyme). Splitting of the starch proceeded much more rapidly
around the piece of intestine which proved that the intestinal wall did accelerate digestion. But
how does this happen?
January 2, 2010 at 6:16 pm under Food and Digestion.
Tags: alimentary tract, digestion, digestive juices, food, intestinal wall, process of digestion
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Food and Stomachs
Even primitive people knew that the food eaten by man and animals is digested in their
stomachs. When skinning their game, they were sure to peep into the stomachs. Even nowadays
almost no housewife can resist the temptation of learning what the pike had for dinner and
whether the chicken‘s stomachs contain anything of interest besides small stones and sand. When
hunters cut up their prey, they found in the stomachs and intestine neither meat, nor grass or
seeds, but a pasty mass, as though the food had been cooked there.
It took man a long time to find out what really occurs. The food is not changed under the
influence of heat: the temperature in the stomachs of even the ‗hottest‘ warmblooded animals is
no higher than 38-43°C and this is not sufficient to cook food. Digestion takes place with the aid
of digestive juices containing special enzymes.
The alimentary tract of man and animals is a complex chemical laboratory. The food consumed
is ground, mixed with various digestive juices and moves gradually from one part to another. In
each part the food is held long enough for it to be digested, being saturated with special
substances. These substances are absorbed during the digestive process, that is, during the
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simple ones (proteins into amino acids, fats into
glycerol and fatty acids, carbohydrates into monosaccharides). What cannot be digested and used
by the organism is disposed of.
December 31, 2009 at 2:42 pm under Food and Digestion.
Tags: animals, chemical substances, digestion, digestive juices, digestive process, food, stomachs
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How teeth help to digest
The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract—a series of hollow organs joined in a
long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus—and other organs that help the body break down
and absorb food.
Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine—also called the colon—rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called
the mucosa. In the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that
produce juices to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a layer of smooth muscle that
helps break down food and move it along the tract.
Two ―solid‖ digestive organs, the liver and the pancreas, produce digestive juices that reach the
intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gallbladder stores the liver's digestive juices until
they are needed in the intestine. Parts of the nervous and circulatory systems also play major
roles in the digestive system.

14. Digestion is basically the break down of chemicals into smaller parts in the body so that they are
absorbed by the blood. The process of digestion in human beings is a complex process that
involves many organs.
The food enters the body through the mouth which is also known as the oral cavity. In the oral
cavity the food is chewed. Saliva is produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands and is mixed
with the chewed food by the tongue. After chewing food is swallowed whereby it enters the
Esophagus which consists of oropharynx and hypopharynx.
Through the esophagus the food passes through the cardiac orifice and then enters the stomach.
Food is then broken down and mixed with gastric acis and digestive enzymes. Food takes on
semi liquid form and the essential elements are absorbed in the blood stream.
From the stomach, the food is passed on to the small intestine through the Pyloric Sphincter.
Major portion of digestion and absorption occurs here as the chyme enters the duodenum. It is
mixed with bile, Pancreatic juice and intestinal enzymes. Most of the nutrients are absorbed
through small intestine.
From the small intestine, the food is passed on to the large intestine. Water is absorbed from the
Bolus and feaces is stored for egestion in the rectum. This food is egested through the anus.