For English learners

2. I. Coordination
1. Denifition
The linking of linguistic units that have
the grammatical status.
Eg: I like tea and coffee.
John likes tea, but Peter likes coffee.
_Indicator: Coordinators/ Coordinating
conjunction

3. _Conjunction: A word linking two words or other
structures together of:
+ Equal status: Coordinating conjunction such as:
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
• Eg: She is kind so she helps people
I told him this, but he didn’t believe me.
+Unequal status: Subordinating conjunction such
as: although, because, before, since, till, unless, if,
whether ….
• Eg: I'll be home at nine if I can get a taxi.
Although he tried hard, he failed.

4. *Comparision conjuncts and conjunctions:
_Similarity: connect funtion.
_Difference:
+ Conjuncts: The conjunction links units withinn sentences, the
conjunct can links clauses within sentences and make links
between sentences. Thus conjucnt play an important role in
establishing cohesion within texts.
+ Conjucntions: are words which join clauses or smaller units of a
sentence together. In many ways, conjunction are the links in
syntatic chains, which is why some people call them
connectives.
Distinguishing between conjuncts and conjucntions is not
diffcult. In general,the position of a conjucntion is fixed
between the two units it is linking. However, a conjucnt is
more mobile and can stand in various positions.

5. 2.Classfication
2.1: In term of the presence of coordination
_The term coordination is used by some
grammarians for both syndetic coordination,
when coordinatiors( coordinating
conjucntions) are present – and asyndetic
coordination, when coordinators are absent
but could be supplied
+ Syndetic coordination(explicit coordinators)
Eg: He walked slowly and carefully.
_+Asyndetic coordination( impicit coordinatiors)
Eg: He walked slowly, carefullly.

6. Based on the structure of conjoins
Segregatory coordination Combinatory coordination
Dividual, separative Mixture, grouping
Original
sentence
Two or more
coordinated
clauses
Original
sentence
Two or more
coordinated
clauses
Can be paraphrased Can NOT be paraphrased
Ex:
1. John and Mary have a cold
Ex:
1. John and Mary make a
pleasant couple.
2. Our flag is red, white and
blue.
( No analogous )
( a combined process )
Our flag is red, our flag is white,
and our flag is blue.
(it means there are 3 types of
flag with 3 different colors or
other meanings)
2. Both my younger sister and
my friend have a good job
3. She has a dog and a cat.
4. I can neither love nor hate a
person.
5. Either he or she gets trouble
3. She gave all money for her
parents and him.
4. She and I are close friends.
5. I watched Tom and Jery
Markers of segregatory coordination:
both, neither, either..
John has a cold, and
Mary has a cold
Clausal coordination Phrasal coordination

7. Based on the
structure of conjoins
Clausal
coordination
Phrasal
coordination
• definition
• coordinators
• Some
features
The combination of two or more
equal clauses
Ex:
1. I did my homework, and I got
trouble.
2. My parents want me to do it,
but I do not want this.
1. Simple coordinators:
And, Or, But
Ex:
a) Tell me where you are, and I will not find
you one more time.
b) She is intelligent , but she is very lazy.
c) You can play volleyball with your friends,
or you can play game alone.
2. Correlative coordinators
Either…or, both..and, neither…nor
She eat talk.

8. • Some features of clausal coordination
• Simple coordinators restricted
to the initial position in the
second conjoin
1
• Fixed order of coordinated
clauses
2
• Coordinators precede other
conjunctions or conjuncts
3
• Coordinators can link 2
subordinate clause4
• The final coordinators “and,
but” should be retained5
Ex: AND _coordinator
She can read this word, and my younger brother writes
football.
and
Ex: moreover_ conjunct
She can read this word, moreover my younger brother
writes football.
She can read this word; my younger brother, moreover,
writes football.
Ex:
1. She want to find him, but she can not.
2. Tom came back home, and he did not meet anyone.
But she can not, she want to find him
And he did not meet anyone, Tom came back home.
Ex:
1. He was unhappy about it, and yet he did what
he was told.
2. I like staying at home alone because I feel free
and because there is no interesting thing
outside.
coordinator conjunct
Ex:
1. He said that it was cheap but that Tom
didn’t buy it.
2. I wonder whether I should send a message or
whether I should call a phone.
Subordinate clause
Ex:
1. Time in a day is limited and now we have many
things to play and use, and we waste much time for
them.
Clause beginning with a coordinator can not be moved
in front of the preceding clause without producing
unacceptable sentences or at least changing the
relationships of the clauses.
Time in a day is limited, now we have many
things to play and use, and we waste much time
for them.

9. *
In term of the presence
of coordinators
Syndetic
coordination
Asyndetic
coordination
Based on the
structure of conjoins
Clausal
coordination
Phrasal
coordination

10. Semantic implications of coordination by AND, BUT, OR
1 • addition of consequence or result
2 • Addition of chronological sequence
3 • Contrast
4
• 2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
5 • 1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
6 • 2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
7 • 2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
8 • 2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st
E.g.: He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned
the police.
E.g.: I washed the dishes and I dried them.
AND
then
E.g.: Robert is secretive and (in contrast)
David is candid.
E.g.: They disliked John - and that's not
surprising.
E.g.: Give me some money and (then) I'll help
escape.
E.g.: A trade agreement should be no
problem, and (similarly) a cultural exchange
could be arranged.
E.g.: He has long hair and (also) he often
wears jeans.
E.g.: She tried hard and (yet) she failed.

11. 1
• Exclusive choice
2
• Inclusive choice
3
• Restatement or correction of
previously - mentioned idea
4
• Negative condition
Semantic implications of coordination by AND, BUT, OR
OR
E.g.: You can go there by car or you can walk
there.
E.g.: You can boil an egg, or you can make
some cheese sandwiches, or you can do
both.
E.g.: He began his educational career, or , in other
words, he started to attend the local
kindergarten.
E.g.: Give me some money or I'll shoot.

12. Semantic implications of coordination by AND, BUT, OR
BUT
1
•Unexpected contrast
2
•Contrast being restatement
(negative > < affirmative)
E.g.: John is poor, but he's happy. He didn't
want their help, but he had to accept it.
E.g.: John didn't waste his time in the
week before the exam, but studied hard
every evening.

13. Correlatives
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
E.g.: He both has long hair
and wears jeans.
E.g.: He either has long hair
or wears jeans.
E.g.: He neither has long hair
nor wears jeans.

14. Classification
Based on the
structure of conjoins
Clausal
coordination
Phrasal
coordination
Phrasal
coordination

15. Phrasal coordination
1
• Definition
2
• Common
3
• Classification
4
• Order
coordination of phrase of
equal status
AND and OR are the main
coordinators for phrasal
coordination.
BUT is used only to link adjective phrases
and adverb phrases.
E.g: he wrote to them politely but firmly.

16. 3
3.1
• coordinated NPs (in different
syntactic functions)
3.2
• coordinated Adverbial phrases
(with dependent clauses)
3.3
• coordinated Adjective phrases
E.g.: Peter and Tom were here.
She is afraid of snakes and cockroaches.
Old and young men were invited.
He has secretaries from Ireland and auditors from France here.
These and those chairs are wooden.
E.g.: You can wash it manually or by using a machine.
They can call this week or whenever they wish.
I want to know by whom and for whom it was ordered .
Classification
E.g.: She is young and beautiful.
His clear and forceful delivery impressed the
audience.
These jewels were very cheap and gaudy.

17. Phrasal coordination
1
• Definition
2
• Common
3
• Classification
4
• Order
+ a tendency for the shorter word to come first.
E.g.: big and ugly
cup and saucer
+ in virtually irreversible order.
E.g.: bread and butter
law and order
knife, folk, and spoon
by hook or by crook

18. II. Ellipsis
1. Definition:
Ellipsis is the omission of part of a
sentence where the missing element is
understood from the context.
To avoid repetition and create syntactic
condensation.
(1)
(4)
(2)
(3)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Choose one word/phrase from this box to
fill in each blank: repetition, omission, part,
missing element, sentence, condensation,
context.

19. Types of ellipse
(Basing on the dependence
on the linguistic context)
Ellipse dependent on
linguistic context (in an
adverbial finite/non-
finite/verbless clause,
etc)
- At the moment, every person in the club is dancing
but Mary is not (dancing).
- (I am) living far away from school, I must get up
early at 5 every day to get to school.

20. Types of ellipse
(Basing on the dependence
on the linguistic context)
Ellipse independent on
linguistic context (in
block language and
informal style)
Ellipse dependent on
linguistic context (in an
adverbial finite/non-
finite/verbless clause,
etc)
- (Have) you ever been here before?
- (It’s) nice to meet you.
- (I) love you

21. 2.2. BASING ON THE ELLIPTED PART
2.2.1. Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
(1) Ellipsis of Subject (& auxiliary) in subsequent clauses.
+ Identical subjects of coordinated clause are ellipted.
E.g.: John played piano and (John/he) sang a song.
Peter ate a sandwich and (Peter/he) drank a cup of tea.
+ Sometimes, ellipsis of both Subject and auxiliary occurs.
E.g.: Tim was drinking milk and (Tim/he was) watching TV.
She has finished the homework and (she has) washed the
clothes.
(2) Ellipsis of auxiliary alone.
E.g.: Pan should clean the bed and Jack (should) open the door.
He was sleeping and (he was) snoring.

22.  (3) Ellipsis of predicate or predication.
(3.1) Ellipsis of first part of predicate/ predication:
+ VP only or lexical Verb only.
We are studying Grammar now and (we) will be (studying)
next Friday.
I work in a factory and he (works) on a farm.
+ VP + Subject compliment
It’s cold in December in England, but (it’s cold) in July in New
Zealand.
Brazil was the winner of USA 94 and France (was the winner)
of France 98.
+ VP/ lexical Verb + direct Object
I go to school in the morning and my brother (goes to school)
in the afternoon.
Ronaldo plays football for Real Madrid and Messi (plays
football) for Barcelona.

23. (3.2) Ellipsis of whole predication
They can pay the full fee and (they) should pay the full
fee, but (they) won’t (pay the full fee).
(3.3) Ellipsis of direct Object / Subject compliment
Jim opened (the door), but Marry closed, the door.
(3.4) Ellipsis of A (or the scope of A is extended to the
subsequent clauses)
To my surprise, they didn’t choose him, and they (to my
surprise) didn’t even interview him.
(3.5) Ellipsis of head of Noun phrase
She wore a black dress, but the blue (dress) suits her
better.
He wanted boiled fish, but they gave him fried (fish).
(3.6) Ellipsis of Cprep
Bob is bored with (music), but Peter enjoys music.

24. Ellipsis in
phrasal
coordination
E. in NP
E. of the head
Biology books and
history books are put on
the second floor.
=> E. of the head in NP

25. Ellipsis in
phrasal
coordination
E. in NP
E. In
Adj P
E. In
Prep P
E. of post-modifier
E. of the head
E. of pre-modifier
E. of determiner
E. of Cprep
E. of the head
E. of post-modifier
E. of pre-modifier

26. CONSOLIDATION
1 32

27. CONSOLIDATION
1 32
Give the correct form of each word in brackets.
Neither Mary nor her friends (ENJOYABLE)
(TELL) what (DO) by that teacher.
=> Neither Mary nor her friends enjoy being
told what to do by that teacher

28. CONSOLIDATION
1 32
Find two mistakes in this sentence:
That none of our two projects were rejected
make us very happy.
=> That neither of our two projects were rejected
makes us very happy.

29. CONSOLIDATION
1 32
Choose the correct word to complete this
sentence:
(So/by) far, he (has written/writes/wrote) three
books, (both/all/neither/either) of
(who/whom/which/that/whose) have gained
international reputation.

30. Use ellipsis to rewrite this sentence
My father has encouraged me to speak
English language and French language and
my father has helped me to speak English
language and French language.
=> E. of S + aux + Od + Co + the head in NP
CONSOLIDATION
My father has encouraged and
helped me to speak English and
French language.

31. CONSOLIDATION
People appreciating what they have
and frequently helping others are
(clausal coordinator)
more likely to feel a sense of
happiness and contentment.
(phrasal coordinator)