Dual case study proposal

A Dual Case Study:
A Comparison on Attitude towards treatment and
cruelty to Dogs and Cats
Maria Helga Melgar
MBA Candidate
Business Information and Decision Making (MGMT 5500)
August 06, 2015

A Dual Case Study:
“The greatness of a nation and its moral progress, can be judged
by the way its animals are treated.”

A Dual Case Study:
The Positive News

A Dual Case Study:
The Negative News > United States
 Warning: Some images or videos may be graphic.

A Dual Case Study:
 Warning: Some images or videos may be graphic.
The Negative News > Other Countries

A Dual Case Study:
Statement of the Problem
The literature reviewed in preparing this proposal yielded specific data on
the following concepts:
1) Animals as “sentient” beings
2) Current attitudes towards animals
3) Psychology of Animal Cruelty
4) International State of Animal Affairs

A Dual Case Study:
Statement of the Problem
“HOW can they do that?”
Judging from the cases on animal cruelty worldwide, there appears to be a
skew of the acts and instances in favor of developing countries over
developed countries.
Literature review did not yield such a study in existence.

A Dual Case Study:
Purpose of the Study
 To prove with empirical data that there is a correlation between the
socio-economic status of a country and its attitude towards the
treatment of and animal cruelty to dogs and cats.
 Future implications:
- Provide new insight into the problem of animal cruelty globally.
- Provide empirical bases for betterment programs for promotion of
health programs, animal welfare and a more humane world.
 Unit of analysis : Cultural/country

A Dual Case Study:
Hypotheses
 1. There is a correlation between the socio-economic status of a country
known by its international development category, and its attitude
towards the treatment of and dogs and cats.
 2. There is a correlation between the socio-economic status of a
country known by its international development category, and its
attitude towards animal cruelty to dogs and cats.

A Dual Case Study:
Who Would care?
 Humane Society International, Animal Rights Advocacy groups,
Sociologists, Psychologists, Culture experts, Health agencies,
Veterinary professionals, Animal Welfare Agencies, Animal law,
Pet Products and Services industries for international marketing
purposes, and all animal lovers. Based on the comparative
results and the surfaced variables, there is an opportunity to
expand on a specific variable if necessary, for instance, concept
of dogs as part of livestock.


A Dual Case Study:
Potential Bias
 Potential Bias
The researcher is an animal advocate, dog and cat owner,
and a firm believer in animal sentience.
 The researcher will not participate directly in the research
conduct, relying on neutral experts in the implementation
and analyses of the findings.

A Dual Case Study:
Definition of Terms
 Animal Cruelty — acts of violence or neglect perpetrated against animals. While
fundamentally different at the source, all forms result in the physical and/or
emotional suffering of the animal victim (ASPCA)
 Attitude - An attitude is "a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and
behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or
symbols" (Hogg, & Vaughan 2005, p. 150)
 Treatment—the perceiver’s “thoughts and feelings about themselves that are
derived from past experiences, especially the reactions of others” (Swann & Read,
1981, p. 352).

A Dual Case Study:
Definition of Terms
 Developed country -- While there is no one, set definition of a developed economy
it typically refers to a country with a relatively high level of economic growth and
security. Some of the most common criteria for evaluating a country's degree of
development are per capita income or gross domestic product (GDP), level of
industrialization, general standard of living and the amount of widespread
infrastructure (Investopedia.com, 2015)
 Developing country -- Developing countries are defined according to their Gross
National Income (GNI) per capita per year. Countries with a GNI of US$ 11,905 and
less are defined as developing (The World Bank, 2013).

A Dual Case Study:
Literature Review
Animals as “sentient” beings.
 Passantino, A. (2008). Companion Animals: An Examination of their Legal
Classification in Italy and the Impact on their Welfare, Actuality and Prospective.
Journal of Animal Law, IV, 59-60. 015. Descriptive. Expert article/paper – analysis of
“State-Regions Agreement on Companion Animal Welfare and Pet Therapy.
 Low, P. (2012). The Cambridge Declaration of Consciousness in Non-Human
Animals. Retrieved August 3, 2015. Declaration. Secondary data. Expert paper –
presented at the Francis Crick Memorial Conference signed in the presence of
Stephen A. Hawking.

A Dual Case Study:
Current Attitudes towards Animals
 Blaisdell, J. (1999). The Rise of Man's Best Friend: The Popularity of Dogs as Companion
Animals in Late Eighteenth-Century London as Reflected by the Dog Tax of 1796. Anthrozoos:
A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals Anthroz Jour Inter Peo Ani,
12(2), 76-87. Secondary data. Article summation from research from records, references cited in
work.
 Sullivan, Diane, and Holly Vietzke. "An Animal is not an iPod." Journal of Animal Law IV
(2008): 41-42. Print. Expert review, published.
 Taylor, N., & Signal, T. (2009). Pet, Pest, Profit: Isolating Differences in Attitudes towards the
Treatment of Animals. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People &
Animals Anthroz Jour Inter Peo Ani, 22(2), 129-13 (Australia).
 Buddhism and Animals. Religions. BBC Online. 2011. Presents Buddhist attitude towards
animals. Retrieved from:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/buddhistethics/animals.shtml

A Dual Case Study:
Psychology of Animal Cruelty
 Furnham, A., Mcmanus, C., & Scott, D. (2003). Personality, empathy and attitudes to animal
welfare. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals
Anthroz Jour Inter Peo Ani, 16(2), 135-146. Descriptive. explained. Precisely what
variables/factors are important in predicting attitudes to animals have yet to be discovered.
 Baldry, A. (2004). The Development of the P.E.T. Scale for the Measurement of Physical and
Emotional Tormenting Against Animals in Adolescents. Society & Animals, 1-17. Descriptive
study. The Physical and Emotional Tormenting Against Animals Scale (P.E.T.) is a new self-
administered scale to measure physical and emotional abuse against animals among
adolescents. The scale measures different dimensions of animal abuse, ranging from mild to
more severe: bothering, tormenting, hitting, harming, and being cruel to an animal.

A Dual Case Study:
 Tallichet, Suzanne E., Hensley, Christopher, O’Bryan, Adam, & Hassel, Heidi (2005). Targets
for Cruelty: Demographic and Situational Factors Affecting the Type of Animal Abused.
Criminal Justice Studies, Vol.18, Issue 2, p173-182, 10p. Descriptive study, assessing the impact
of demographic characteristics and situational factors on the type of animal abused among
incarcerated inmates in a Southern state.
 Siebert, C. (2010, June 13). The Animal-Cruelty Syndrome. The New York Times, MM42-MM42.
Descriptive. Expert article. From collective secondary, empirical data. References in article. The
link between animal abuse and interpersonal violence is becoming so well established that
many U.S. communities now cross-train social-service and animal-control agencies in how to
recognize signs of animal abuse as possible indicators of other abusive behaviors.

A Dual Case Study:
International State of Animal Affairs.
 Jensen Kerr, Andrew, and Yu Dan. "Tradition as Precedent: Articulating Animal Law Reform in
China." Journal of Animal and Natural Resource Law XI (2015): 71. Print. Expert article
(descriptive).
 Rahman, S.A., Walker, L. & Ricketts, W. (2005). Global Perspectives on animal welfare: Asia,
Far East, and Oceania. Revue Scientifique et Technique de L’Office International des Epizooties,
24(2), 597-610. Descriptive.
 Rahman, S. (2008). Transport of Animals for Slaughter: Animal welfare issues and perspectives
in developing countries. Proceedings, The 15th Congress of FAVA, S63-S66. Descriptive.
Conference paper. Secondary Data. Animal Welfare Organizations will have to play a key role
in the education of the stakeholders in the proper methods of animal welfare and act as

A Dual Case Study:
 Bendixsen, T. (2014, May 16). There is Hope for the Victims of the Vietnam Dog Meat
Trade. Retrieved August 1, 2015. Discusses the origin of dog meat trade in Vietnam and
why there is hope for change.
 Ortega-Pacheco, A., Rodriguez-Buenfil, J., Bolio-Gonzalez, M., Sauri-Arceo, C., Jiménez-
Coello, M., & Forsberg, C. (2007). A Survey of Dog Populations in Urban and Rural Areas
of Yucatan, Mexico. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People
& Animals Anthroz Jour Inter Peo Ani, 20(3), 261-274. Retrieved August 1, 2015.

A Dual Case Study:
Research Design
Research Design
 Descriptive, Case Study Strategy
 Operationalize with dimensions partially based on World Animal
Protection’s Animal Protection Index (API) indicators, with additional
characteristics based on review of various literature in the review.
http://api.worldanimalprotection.org/compare
*secondary data

A Dual Case Study:
Dimensions/Characteristics
 Presence of animal welfare support system
 Support for the Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
 Laws against causing animal suffering
 Protecting companion animals
 Protecting animals used for draught and recreation
 Governance structures and systems
 Government accountability for animal welfare

A Dual Case Study:
 Animal welfare standards
 OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) animal welfare
standards
 Reporting on progress
 Providing humane education
 Education on animal care and protection including population
control
 Promoting communication and awareness
 Recognizing dogs and cats as pets

A Dual Case Study:
Surface independent variables
Predicted
 Cultural beliefs and practices
 Location of residence - City or Urban
 Past ownership experience of dogs and/or cats
 Direct or indirect experience with dogs and/or cats
 Socio-economic status - employed or unemployed
 Household size
 Population density of stray dogs and cats
 Educational achievement
 Recognition of animal sentience
 View of dogs and cats – pets, property or pest

A Dual Case Study:
Methodology
 Structured, closed questionnaire tested for content validity (cross-
cultural equivalence)
 Combination approach:
United States:
 Divide into urban (city) and rural samples
 City - self-administered, electronic
 Urban - Mailed out questionnaires will sent out.

A Dual Case Study:
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
 Divide into urban (city) and rural samples
 City – self-administered, mailed out
 Rural - Personally administered questionnaires
 Assumptions:
 Literacy rate of rural subjects in Vietnam
 Internet Access – as of 2012, only 30% of the entire $90+ million population
 Time Horizon: cross section
 Secondary information - statistics on each country’s Department of Health,
agencies animal welfare and animal protection agencies.

A Dual Case Study:
Sampling
 Complex Random Sampling – Stratified random sampling
on the basis of geographical area.
 Sample size of at least 385 per country for (95% confidence)
- Efficiency. Scientific Sample Size Table (Krejcie and
Morgan, 1970)
*384 on population of 1,000,000

A Dual Case Study:
Instrumentation
 Measure attitude and animal cruelty tendencies
 Modified closed, structured questionnaire in a modified scale
Use combination of:
Boat Inventory on Animal-Related Experiences (Boat, 1998)
Animal Attitude Scale (AAS) (Herzog, Betchart & Pittman, 1991)
The P.E.T. Scale (Physical and Emotional Tormenting animals) for
animal cruelty.
Content validity and reliability utilizing Face validity and equivalence.

A Dual Case Study:
Ethical Considerations
 Data Collection and Analysis Procedures
 US urban dwelling subjects - Online or electronic access
 US rural dwelling subjects – Mailed out
 Vietnam rural dwelling subjects – mailed out self-administered
questionnaire
 Vietnam rural dwelling subjects – Personally administered
questionnaire

A Dual Case Study:
Ethical Considerations
Protection of Human Rights
Ethical guidelines, following US Institutional Review Board (IRB) and
Vietnam’s Ministry of Public Health and Ministry of Health
(International Compilation of Human Research Standards)

A Dual Case Study:
Projected Analysis
Data Analysis
 Quantitative
 Tables for coded results Parts 1 and 2 – Attitude
 Frequency from Part 3 – Animal Cruelty
 Scatter graphs and tables
 demographic information vs. yielded results attitude from treatment dimensions.
 Animal cruelty - dimensions
 Use of pie chart for demographic breakdown and found applicable variables, e.g. past
experience with pet
Projected
Predictive Findings on Hypotheses

A Dual Case Study:
“Our prime purpose
in this life is to help others.
And if you can't help them
at least don't hurt them.”
Dalai Lama
Cruelty might be very
human, and it might be
cultural, but it's not
acceptable.
Jodie Foster

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