The three ancient philosophers include Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle, the father of philosophy

1. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
(SOCRATIC)

2. ANCIENT
Knowledg
e and
Virtue
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3. TRIUMVIRATE
SOCRATES
PLATO
ARISTOTLE
(FATHER OF
PHILOSOPHY
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BRANCH
Epistemology
APPROACH
Dialectical method

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Born in Athens in
469 BCE,
Socrates was the
son of a
stonemason and
a midwife.

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As a young man he is
believed to have
studied natural
philosophy, looking at
the various
explanations
of the nature of the
universe

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He then became
involved in the
politics of the city-
state and concerned
with more down-to-
earth ethical issues,
such as the nature of
justice.

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His primary concern in
philosophy was: “How
should we live?”
3 Questions
What is good?
What is right?
What is just (justice)?

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Care of the Soul
For Socrates, knowledge
knowledge may also
play a part in life after
death.

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I tell you that to let no
day pass without
discussing goodness
and all the other
subjects about which
you hear me talking, and
that examining both
myself and others is
really the very best thing
a man can do.”

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The Socratic Method
DIALECTIC: A method
of seeking truth
through a series of
questions and
answers.

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Socrates' ethics
assumes that Education
is the key to living an
ethical life.
• Virtue—all virtue—
is knowledge.
• Virtue = positive
moral behavior

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Socrates' ethics
assumes that Education
is the key to living an
ethical life.
• No one desires evil.
• No one errs or does
wrong willingly or
knowingly.

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What knowledge
and skills are
worthwhile
learning
according to
Socrates?

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The most important of
all knowledge is "how
best to live." He posits
that this is not easily
answered, and most
people live in shameful
ignorance regarding
matters of ethics and
morals.

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The goals of
education are to
know what you can;
and, even more
importantly, to know
what you do not
know.

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Two Different Sorts of
Knowledge
• ordinary knowledge
• definitional
knowledge

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What is learning?
Learning is the seeking of truth
truth in matters, and it occurs
occurs when after questioning
questioning and interpreting
interpreting the wisdom and
and knowledge of others, one
one comes to recognize their
their own ignorance.

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How are skills and
knowledge
acquired?

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(1) interpreting the
statements of others
(2) testing or examining
the knowledge or
wisdom of those
reputed (by themselves
or others) to be wise

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(3) showing those who
are not wise their
ignorance
(4 ) learning from those
who are wise

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(5) examining oneself
(6) exhorting others to
philosophy

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(7) examining the lives
of others
(8) attaining moral
knowledge

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Who is to teach?
Socrates does not
believe that any one
person or any one
school of thought is
authoritative or has the
wisdom to teach
"things."

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By what methods?
The Socratic method is one
one in which a teacher, by
by asking leading
questions, guides students
students to discovery.

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What will be the curriculum
be?
Socrates devoted himself to a
free-wheeling discussion with the
the aristocratic young citizens of
of Athens, insistently questioning
questioning their unwarranted
confidence in the truth of popular
popular opinions, even though he
he often offered them no clear
alternative teaching.

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Who is to be educated?
He wanted to educate, challenge,
challenge, question and debate
debate men of ignorance
mistaking themselves as
knowledgeable, and by doing so,
so, to promote their intellectual
intellectual and moral
improvement.

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EARTHLY
KNOWLEDGE IS BUT
SHADOW
PLATO (C.427–347 BCE)

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BRANCH
Epistemology
APPROACH
Rationalism

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*Socrates‘ Student
*Founded the
Academy
– First institution for
higher education

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*First Western
philosopher
whose writings have
survived
*Most of what we know
about Socrates comes
from Plato's writings

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Key works
c.399–387 BCE Apology, Crito, Giorgias,
Hippias Major, Meno, Protagoras (early
(early dialogues)
c.380–360 BCE Phaedo, Phaedrus,
Republic, Symposium (middle dialogues)

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WILL
INTELLECT PASSIONS

43. PASSIONS
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WILL
INTELLECT

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Theory of Forms
Reality can be
divided into two
realms:
• The Visible
World
• Forms - Ideas

46. Metaphysics
The Visible World
 Lower - Imperfect
 World experienced
by our senses
 Physical
 Bound by Space and
Time
 Always changing
 Always “becoming”

47. Metaphysics
Realm of Forms-Ideas
• Higher - Perfect
• ULTIMATE REALITY
• Not accessible to our
senses
• Non-Physical
• Not Bound by Space and
Time
• Never Changing
• Always “is”
HORSE

48. Plato's Cave

49. Politics: The Ideal Republic
Philosophically Aware
Rulers (Governing Class)
Police Class
(Protective Class)
General Population
(Worker Class)

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There are 3 sources
of knowledge:
• Knowledge
• Opinion
• Knowledge through mind or wisdom

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Knowledge is obtained
from senses i.e.
knowledge of objects ,
colours, taste, touch etc.
etc. But Plato does not
consider this as real
knowledge.

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An opinion regarding
any object , but this
knowledge cannot
be relied upon as the
views of every
person differs
regarding the same
object.

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Knowledge through mind or
wisdom – it is the highest degree
of knowledge which includes
virtues like truth , goodness and
and beauty. This knowledge is
idealistic and is based on original
original thinking. The
characteristic of knowledge is that
that it is found in the form of
universal truth.

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The highest goal of
education, Plato believed,
is the knowledge of Good;
to nurture a man to a
better human being, it is
not merely an awareness
of particular benefits and
pleasures.

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EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Children enter school at
six where they first learn
the three Rs (reading,
writing and counting) and
then engage with music
and sports.

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TEACHING METHODS
Plato recommended play
method at elementary
level; student should learn
by doing. And when he/she
reaches the higher level of
education, his reason
would be trained in the
processes of thinking and
abstracting.

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TEACHING METHODS
Plato wanted motivation
and interest in learning. He
was against the use of
force in education.
"Knowledge which is
acquired under
compulsion obtains no
hold on the mind."

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TEACHING METHODS
According to Plato "Do not
then train youths by force
and harshness, but direct
them to it by what amuses
their minds so that you may
be better able to discover
with accuracy the peculiar
bent of the genius of each."

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TEACHING METHODS
Plato wanted a place where
where children love to go
go and stay there and they
they play with things which
which enhance their
education by playing.

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TEACHING METHODS
Plato gave importance to nursery
education, as nursery education
plays a vital role in the education of
of
man and it helps to build his moral
character and state of mind.
"The most important part of
education is proper training in the
nursery."

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ROLE OF THE TEACHER
• The educator is considered
to have greatest importance.
• He is like torch bearer who
leads a man lying in the dark
cave, out of the darkness into
the bright light of the outside
world.
• The teacher is thus the
constant guide of the
students.

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ROLE OF THE TEACHER
• The teacher must be a
person of high integrity
and must possess high
self worth.
• He must have pleasing
personality, in depth
knowledge and
professional training.

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ROLE OF THE TEACHER
• He should be deeply
committed to his
profession, have high
sense of responsibility
and a true role model.
Teachers should lead a
true moral life. They
should practice what they
preach.

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In a nutshell, Plato’s
polis (state) is
essentially an
educational
community.

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It is created by education. It can
survive only on condition that all its
its citizens receive an education that
that enables them to make rational
rational political decisions.
It is up to education to preserve the
the state intact and to defend it against
against all harmful innovations.

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The aim of education is
not personal growth
but service of the state,
which is the guarantor
of the happiness of its
citizens for as long as
they allow it to be the
embodiment of justice.

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Education must be
compulsory for all.
all.

68. If particulars are to have
meaning, there must be
universals.
Plato

69. The soul of man is immortal and
imperishable.
Plato

70. What we call learning is only a
process of recollection.
Plato

71. What we call learning is only a
process of recollection.
Plato

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TRUT
HRESIDES IN THE WORLD

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BRANCH
Epistemology
APPROACH
Empiricism

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Key works
Organon, Physics (as
(as compiled in book
book form in the 9th
9th century).

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The first to classify
areas of human
knowledge into
distinct
disciplines such
as mathematics,
biology, and ethics.

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He was the first to
devise a formal
system for reasoning,
whereby the validity
of an argument is
determined by its
structure rather than
its content

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Aristotle was the
founder of the
Lyceum, the first
scientific
institute, based in
Athens, Greece.

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Along with his teacher
Plato, he was one of the
strongest advocates of a
liberal arts education,
which stresses the
education of the whole
person, including one’s
moral character, rather
than merely learning a set
of skills.

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According to Aristotle,
this view of education
is necessary if we are
to produce a society
of happy as well as
productive
individuals.

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Syllogism, a form of
reasoning, is the first
formal system of logic
ever devised, and it
remained the basic
model for logic up
until the 19th century.

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Eudaimonia

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Four
Aspects of
Human
Nature

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Four Aspects of Human Nature
1. We are
physical
beings
(because we
are animals).

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Four Aspects of Human Nature
2. We are
emotional
beings
(because we
are animals).

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Four Aspects of Human Nature
3. We are social
beings
(because
humans live in
groups).

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Four Aspects of Human Nature
3. We are
rational beings.

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On Virtue

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The
Doctrine of
the Mean:
The Golden
Mean

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Teleology:
the study
of purpose
in nature.

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A “good” life is
therefore one in
which we fulfill our
purpose, or use all
the characteristics
that make us human
to the full.

94. Everything that depends on
the action of nature is by
nature as good as it can be.
Aristotle

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What knowledge
and skills are
worthwhile
learning for
Plato?

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The purpose of the state is
to educate the people -- to
make them virtuous.
Virtue is the life principle
of the state. The goal of
the state is to educate
with a view toward its own
institutions (to preserve
them) - political education
of all citizens.

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What are the
goals of
education?

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Education is a
function of the
State, and is
conducted,
primarily at least,
for the ends of the
State.

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Education is
preparation for
some worthy
activity.

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Education should be
guided by legislation to
make it correspond with
the results of
psychological analysis,
and follow the gradual
development of the
bodily and mental
faculties.

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What is knowledge?
Knowledge is always
about an object; it is
conceptual; it is based
on the form of the
object; concepts are the
generalized classes of
objects

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What is learning?
Education and
teaching are always
about an object and
should have
content.

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How are skills and
knowledge acquired?
In the Aristotelian
teaching act, the teacher
instructs a learner about
some object, some body of
knowledge, or some
discipline.

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Who is to teach?
The state is a university
which arranges the entire
scheme of education and
is itself the highest grade
(174, Davidson) The state is
both teacher and pupil
(173, Davidson).

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By what methods?
Observation

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What will the
curriculum be?
Theoretical and
practical (technical
skills, liberal
education, subjects,
theoretical subjects).

107. Every action must be due to one or
other of seven causes: chance, nature,
compulsion, habit, reasoning, anger,
or appetite.
Aristotle