1. Representation of Ontology using Classified
Interrelated Object Model
Mihika Shah
CSE-IT Department, Nirma University
Abstract- II. ONTOLOGY
Ontology representation is the essential part of the ontology Sharing common understanding of the structure of
learning progress. This paper aims to provide a straight-forward information among people or software agents is the common
but efficient way to represent ontology. An effective data model purpose to develop ontologies. People develop ontology to
technology – Classified Interrelated Object Model (CIOM) – is
share common understanding under a specific context, to
introduced and utilized to represent ontology. The main
components of ontology development are elucidated and reuse the existing information, to explicitly express
described, including ontology classes and their hierarchy, class preconditions of this context, and to store this knowledge
attributes, and inter-classes relationships. This paper provides a physically.
general purpose methodology to facilitate the advanced ontology
technologies. A. WHAT IS ONTOLOGY?
In philosophy, ontology is a study subject that research on the
Keywords- Classified interrelated object model, nature of existence, their properties, and their relations. It has
ontology, ontology representation, semantic database model been applied to many other subjects. In the context of
computer and information sciences, the commonly agreed
I. INTRODUCTION definition of Ontology is proposed by Tom Gruber: an
In recent years the development of ontologies – explicit ontology defines a set of representational primitives with
formal specifications of the terms in the domain and relations which to model a domain of knowledge or discourse. The
among them – has been moving from the realm of Artificial- representational primitives are typically classes (or sets),
Intelligence laboratories to the desktops of domain experts. attributes (or properties), and relationships (or relations among
Ontology learning greatly helps ontology engineers to class members). The key role of ontologies with respect to
construct ontologies. Ontology has been involved into a new database systems is to specify a data modelling representation
generation – internet-based presentation – the Semantic Web. at a level of abstraction above specific database designs
As ontology spreading to Internet, ontology becomes one of (logical or physical), so that data can be exported, translated,
the core technologies for knowledge exchange and inter- queried, and unified across independently developed systems
system sharing purposes. and services.
Ontologies are used to specify standard conceptual Ontology and data models, such as Enhanced Entity-
vocabularies in which to exchange data among systems, Relationship Model, are the same in terms of representing
provide services for answering queries, publish reusable domain knowledge. But there are still some significant
knowledge bases, and offer services to facilitate differences between them. First, Ontology represents a higher
interoperability across multiple, heterogeneous systems and level of abstraction than data models. Data models are focus
databases. on current context that it elaborates to express while ontology
An effective data model technology – Classified Interrelated can be shared and reused among various contexts. Second, as
Object Model (CIOM) – is introduced and utilized to ontology stands at a higher abstract level it covers a larger
represent ontology. Why is a database modelling method used scale of information than data models. Several data models for
to represent ontology? Some of the advantages are: diverse domains might share the same ontology. Finally, the
1 operation of ontology is usually isolated from its context
• To eliminate the need to request a special designed while the data models are heavily related to the operation
development tools to deploy ontology applications environments.
To provide a straight-forward but efficient way to
represent ontology B. ONTOLOGY v/s CONCEPTUAL MODEL
• To take advantages of current well-developed In the SE and IS communities, perhaps due to the historical
database technologies importance of conceptual modelling, there is frequent
confusion between ontology and conceptual models. In some
• To use existing database to store complicated and sense, an ontology has a similar function to a database schema
large-scale ontology information base. because the first provides meta-information that describes the
semantics of the terms or data, but there are several important
• To offer a general purpose methodology to facilitate differences between these concepts :
the advanced ontology technologies.
• Languages for defining and representing ontologies (OWL,
In the beginning of this paper, the major traits of ontology etc.) are syntactically and semantically richer than common
is described and discussed. Then the most impressing features approaches for databases (SQL, etc.).
of CIOM is briefed with a schema example. Finally, CIOM is
catered to represent the core building blocks of ontology. • The knowledge that is described by an ontology consists of
Additionally, some CIOM schemas of ontology are provided semi structured information (that is, texts in natural language)
for the purpose of better illustration. as opposed to the very structured data of the database (tables,
classes of objects, etc).

2. • An ontology must be a shared and consensual Ontology is a methodology to formula the definition of
conceptualization because it is used for information sharing representational vocabulary for common sharing purpose.
and exchange. Identifiers in a database schema are used Ontology is a specification of conceptualization. It calls for a
specifically for a concrete system and do not have the need to specific description of all kinds of entities, their properties and
make an effort to reach the equivalent of ontological their relations. There are several kinds of ontology languages
agreements. already developed to encode the ontology, such as Resource
Description Framework and Web Ontology Language. These
• An ontology provides a domain theory and not the structure technologies are special designed for ontology representation.
of a data container. They might require familiarities of these technologies,
exclusive development tools, and specially trained experts for
C. ONTOLOGY PROCESS ontology development tasks. Furthermore, ontologies
developed on these tools are only able to share within the
Here is the step by step progress to create ontology with a same platform, which limits their usability. In this paper, a
given domain: more general and universal data model method CIOM is
utilized to represent ontology.
1. Define the context within the given domain.
2. Create classes and their hierarchy.
3. Identify the attributes of classes. A. CLASSES AND THEIR HIERARCHY
4. Connect classes with inter-relationships among them. In the ontology, classes are defined to classify all kinds of
existences. A class usually refers to a collection or a category
of objects sharing some common character and well accepted
III. CLASSIFIED INTERRELATED OBJECT MODEL under commonsense. All the objects under this category are
normally named as “instances” of this class. Objects of the
Semantic Database Model (SDM) is a high-level semantics- same class are also differentiated themselves by their own
based database description and structuring formalism for traits. This diversity implies that the objects are organized in
database systems. SDM captures more meaning of the real hierarchy. The objects sharing the same trait of a class are
world. Comparing to other data model technologies, SDM grouped as instances of a subclass of this class. When classes
outstands itself by its expressivity and effectiveness. and their hierarchy are represented in CIOM, an ontology
Classified Interrelated Object Model (CIOM) is a simplified class is an oval with a class name written inside, while a
subset of SDM, with basic structures, operations, and subclass is also a class but drawn as a double-line arrow
constraints of SDM. pointing from its parent class. An ontology class “Vehicle”
The CIOM we use throughout this paper is loosely based represented with CIOM is shown in Figure 2. A “Vehicle” has
on a SDM data model presented in “Database Description two types of subclasses: “Car” and “Truck”, while A “Car”
with SDM: A Semantic Database Model”. CIOM primarily has two types of subclasses: “Sedan” and “Sports Utility
consists of classes, subclasses, and member attributes. A class Vehicle (SUV)”.
is defined as a collection of entities, with a class name to
identify itself from others. In CIOM, an oval with a class
name written inside is denoted as this class. A subclass means
specialization, viz. its membership is a subset of the members
of its parent class. Member attributes are the common aspects
of members of a class. In CIOM, an attribute is drawn as a
pair of arrows pointing from one class to another with
opposite directions. A simple CIOM schema for a class
“Vehicle” is shown in Figure 1. As shown in this figure, a
“Vehicle” has a unique “Vehicle Identification Number
(VIN)”. The type of VIN is “String”, which implies that the
VIN consists of alphanumeric characters. A “Vehicle” has two
types of subclasses: “Car” and “Truck”.
Figure 2- An ontology class ‘Vehicle’ represented
using CIOM.
B. CLASS ATTRIBUTES
For an ontology class, its attributes are described as all
the related ontology classes, typically some built-in
ontology classes. These attributes are those sharing
traits that identify the class itself from other classes.
The representing built-in classes include String,
Number, Date, and other atomic classes. String is the
collection of all alphanumeric characters. Number is
Figure 1- A CIOM schema for a class ‘Vehicle’ the collection of all numeric values of digits. Date is
the collection of all time entities in a calendar system.
Cardinality is a measure of the number of the
IV. REPRESENT ONTOLOGY corresponding attributes an ontology class has. The
cardinality of an ontology attribute is quite different to

3. a data model attribute. Normally speaking, the
cardinality of a data model attribute is categorized into
three types: One-to-One, One-to-Many, and Many-to-
Many. Their meanings of these types are self-
explanatory. However, an ontology attribute does not
has Many-to-Many cardinality as ontology stresses a
formulized conceptualization the while data model
technologies emphasize on the representation of all
entities. As a result, the inverse attributes of an
ontology class is always has a monotony cardinality.
For example, a person has attributes, such as “Social
Security Number (SSN)”, “Name”, “Date of Birth
Figure 4 - The inter-classes relations of a vehicle represented
(DOB)”, and “Phone Number”. A person can have
with CIOM
several phone numbers at the same time, while a phone
number can belong to several persons. For an ontology V. CONCLUSION
class “Person”, it is only focused on the main target
In this paper, a general purpose method, CIOM, instead of
“Person” while arguing its several objects of this class
specific ontology language and develop tools, is used to
is meaningless as ontology is an abstraction at
represent ontology. The definition and major components of
conceptual level. The attributes of an ontology class
ontology are briefly discussed in the beginning. Then the most
“Person” represented with CIOM is shown in Figure 3.
outstanding features of CIOM are also brought into
When drawing a CIOM ontology class, just simply
instruction. Finally, this paper illustrates the progress to use
neglect the inverse attributes or assign their cardinality
CIOM to represent the major component of ontology.
values to one.
The potential applications of this method include representing
ontology with a general purpose modelling technology, such
as EER, UML, and CIOM; storing ontology on general
database, such as MySQL, DB2, and Oracle; and facilitating
the sharing of ontology via general purpose tools, such as
Eclipse, PowerBuilder, and Visual Studio.
Despite of the express power of CIOM, only part of CIOM
features are applied in this paper. CIOM also provides
operation level modelling. CIOM supports: using predicates,
operations, and set-operators to define subclasses; class
attribute mapping; class grouping.
VI. REFERENCES
1. Emdad Ahmed. Use of Ontologies in Software
Figure 3- The attributes of a class ‘Person’ represented using Engineering (Page 1-4)
CIOM 2. Dragan Gasevic, Nima Kaviani, Milan Milanovi.
Ontologies and software engineering. (Page 1-9)
C. INTER-CLASSES RELATIONS
3. Eva Blomqvist, Kurt Sandkuhl. Patterns in ontology
A relation between two ontology classes interprets how the engineering : classification of ontology patterns.
two classes, more precisely the objects of these classes, are 4. Yair Wand, Carson Woo. Ontology based rules for
related. Typically a relation is a particular connection object oriented enterprise modelling.
between two classes specifies how an object is connected
to the other in ontology. The CIOM gains its expression
power by providing an effective way for relation
description. CIOM ascribes a relation between two classes
as a special kind of attribute, denoted as Class Attribute.
The only visible difference might be that attributes are
built-in classes while the classes within relation category
are abstract defined classes, normally customized by users.
However, it is this difference that renders the efficiency of
semantic expression of ontology.
The cardinality of a relation is categorized into three types:
One-to-One, One-to-Many, and Many-to-Many. Unlike
class attributes, all of them are fully supported within the
same relation category. For example, a vehicle is equipped
with only one engine while an engine can only equip one
vehicle; a vehicle has only one owner while a person can
have several vehicles at the same time; a vehicle can only
be manufactured by one manufacturer while a
manufacturer can produce server types of vehicles.

4. B.