2. Chapter Introduction
Section 1: The First
Amendment
Section 2: The Bill of Rights
Section 3: Extending the
Bill of Rights
Section 4: The Civil Rights
Struggle
Visual Summary

3. Americans have the right to
speak out on issues and
make their feelings known.
The Bill of Rights—the first 10
amendments to the U.S.
Constitution—guarantees
certain basic rights to all
Americans. Among the most
important is freedom of
speech. It guarantees that
people will not be punished
for stating their beliefs even if
most people disagree with
those beliefs.

4. Section 1:
First Amendment
The Constitution of the
United States establishes
and protects fundamental
rights and liberties. The
First Amendment protects
five basic freedoms that are
essential to the American
way of life.

5. Section 2:
The Bill of Rights
The Constitution of the
United States establishes
and protects fundamental
rights and liberties. The first
10 amendments to the
Constitution describe the
rights of American citizens.

6. Section 3:
Extending the Bill of Rights
A constitution reflects the
values and goals of the
society that creates it.
Some Americans have not
always enjoyed the full rights
of United States citizens.

7. Section 4:
The Civil Rights Struggle
Political, social, religious,
and economic changes
influence the way
Americans think and act. In
the 1950s and 1960s, many
African Americans began an
organized fight for their rights
as citizens.

8. Guide to Reading
Big Idea
The Constitution of the United States
establishes and protects fundamental
rights and liberties.

9. Guide to Reading
Content Vocabulary
• civil liberties • slander
• censorship • libel
• petition
Academic Vocabulary
• media
• imply

10. First Amendment Freedoms
Soon after ratification of the
Constitution, the First Amendment was
added to guarantee basic freedoms
essential to American democracy.

11. First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)
• The First Amendment guarantees basic
freedoms to all United States citizens.
• Protection of civil liberties and basic rights:
– Freedom of religion
– Freedom of speech
– Freedom of the press
– Freedom of assembly
– Freedom to petition

12. First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)
• Freedom of religion:
– Prohibits Congress from establishing
an official religion
– Separates church and state
– People free to practice their faith as
they wish
– No specific religion favored by
government

13. First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)
• Freedom of speech:
– Free to say what is on our minds
– Face-to-face discussion, telephone
conversations, radio and TV broadcasts
– Internet communication, art, music,
clothing also protected

14. First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)
• Freedom of the press:
– People free to express themselves
in print
– Ensures people are exposed to a
wide variety of viewpoints
– Prevents government censorship

15. First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)
• Zenger Case:
– Publisher Peter Zenger arrested for
criticizing governor of New York in
New-York Weekly Journal.
– Zenger was acquitted.
– Regarded as a landmark in
development of free press in
America.

16. First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)
• Freedom of assembly:
– Allows people to gather peacefully
in groups
– Implies freedom of association

17. First Amendment Freedoms (cont.)
• Freedom to petition:
– Guarantees people can petition or
make a formal request of the
government
– Allows people to express their ideas to
the government
The First Amendment

18. First Amendment Limits
All constitutional rights are limited.
These limitations are necessary to
ensure our other rights are protected.

19. First Amendment Limits (cont.)
• The First Amendment guarantees certain
rights, but it also places some limits on
those rights.
– Civil liberties interfering with the
rights of others
– Rights of individuals balanced
against the rights of the community
– Personal opinion as opposed to
slander or libel

20. Guide to Reading
Big Idea
The Constitution of the United States
establishes and protects fundamental
rights and liberties.

21. Guide to Reading
Content Vocabulary
• search • due process
warrant
• eminent domain
• indictment
• bail
• grand jury
• double
jeopardy

22. Guide to Reading
Academic Vocabulary
• proportion
• involve

23. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
In addition to the important civil
liberties protected by the First
Amendment, the other nine
amendments in the Bill of Rights
guarantee the right to fair legal
treatment, as well as other freedoms.

24. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
(cont.)
• Several amendments in the Bill of Rights
guarantee fair treatment to people who
are suspected or accused of committing
a crime.
Rights of the Accused

25. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
(cont.)
• Fourth Amendment:
– No unreasonable searches and seizures
– Search warrant required to search a
suspect’s property

26. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
(cont.)
• Fifth Amendment:
– Indictment by a grand jury required to
put someone on trial for a serious
federal crime
– Protects against double jeopardy
– People cannot be forced to testify
against themselves

27. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
(cont.)
– Guarantees due process
– Limits the government’s power of
eminent domain

28. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
(cont.)
• Sixth Amendment:
– Requires the accused to be told exact
nature of charges
– Provides right to a trial by jury
– Guarantees the right to a speedy and
public trial

29. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
(cont.)
– Ensures right to hear and question
witnesses
– Assures defense by a lawyer

30. Protecting the Rights of the Accused
(cont.)
• Eighth Amendment:
– Forbids excessive bail
– Forbids excessive fines
– Forbids “cruel and unusual
punishments”
– Punishment in proportion to the crime

31. Other Protections
In addition to the First Amendment
freedoms and due process guarantees,
the Bill of Rights includes other
protections for American citizens.

32. Other Protections (cont.)
• The Bill of Rights assures citizens of
other rights.
• Second Amendment:
– Each state maintain a militia
– The right to keep and bear arms
– Government control of the possession
of weapons

33. Other Protections (cont.)
• Third Amendment prohibits soldiers
moving into private homes without consent
during peacetime.
• Seventh Amendment:
– Concerns civil cases
– Provides the right to a jury trial in
federal courts

34. Other Protections (cont.)
• Ninth Amendment:
– All other rights “retained by the people”
– Prevents claim that the only rights
people have are listed in the Bill of
Rights

35. Other Protections (cont.)
• Tenth Amendment:
– Powers that the Constitution doesn’t
give to the national government belong
to the states and the people
– Prevents Congress and the president
from becoming too strong

36. Guide to Reading
Big Idea
A constitution reflects the values and
goals of the society that creates it.

37. Guide to Reading
Content Vocabulary
• suffrage
• poll tax
Academic Vocabulary
• violate
• specify

38. Civil War Amendments
The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and
Fifteenth Amendments are called the
Civil War amendments because they
grew out of that war.

39. Civil War Amendments (cont.)
• After the Civil War, several amendments
were ratified that gave rights to formerly
enslaved African Americans.
• Thirteenth Amendment:
– Outlawed slavery in the United States
– Outlawed forced labor except as
punishment for a crime

40. Civil War Amendments (cont.)
• Fourteenth Amendment:
– Defined who was a United States citizen
– Required states to grant citizens “equal
protection of the laws”
– Forbade state governments from
interfering with citizen “privileges or
immunities”
– Nationalization of the Bill of Rights and
the Gitlow v. New York ruling

41. Civil War Amendments (cont.)
• Fifteenth Amendment:
– Guaranteed suffrage to African
Americans
– Protected only men
Constitutional Amendments

42. Later Amendments
Amendments added to the Constitution
in the twentieth century deal with a
wide range of topics.

43. Later Amendments (cont.)
• A number of the amendments to the
Constitution in the twentieth century
addressed inequalities in voting and
elections.
• Seventeenth Amendment:
– Allowed voters to directly elect their
senators
– Gave Americans a greater voice in
government

44. Later Amendments (cont.)
• Nineteenth Amendment:
– States previously made laws concerning
woman suffrage
– Gave women the right to vote in national
and state elections
• Twenty-third Amendment gave voting
rights to people who live in the District of
Columbia.

45. Later Amendments (cont.)
• Twenty-fourth Amendment:
– Trouble with the Fifteenth Amendment
– State poll taxes prevented many African
Americans and poor whites from voting
– Outlawed poll taxes in federal elections
• Twenty-sixth Amendment guaranteed
citizens 18 and older the right to vote.
• Because of Vietnam

46. Guide to Reading
Big Idea
Political, social, religious, and
economic changes influence the way
Americans think and act.

47. Guide to Reading
Content Vocabulary
• discrimination • affirmative
action
• segregation
• racial profiling
• civil rights
Academic Vocabulary
• section
• gender

48. Struggle for Rights
Although amendments to the
Constitution guaranteed rights to
Americans, African Americans
and other groups still did not
enjoy civil rights.

49. Struggle for Rights (cont.)
• African Americans and others had to
struggle against discrimination in order to
secure their civil rights.
• Segregation is the social separation
of races.
• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka,
Kansas ruling against segregation
• Rosa Parks and boycott of the
Montgomery bus system

50. Struggle for Rights (cont.)
• Martin Luther King, Jr., led nonviolent
resistance.
• Demonstrations and sit-ins
• King’s “I Have a Dream” speech is
inspirational.

51. Struggle for Rights (cont.)
• Civil Rights Act of 1964:
– Prohibited discrimination in public
facilities, employment, education, and
voter registration
– Banned discrimination by race, color,
gender, religion, and national origin

52. The Struggle Continues
The struggle for equality in America
has persisted and has extended to
include many groups.

53. The Struggle Continues (cont.)
• The civil rights struggle began with African
Americans but has grown to include many
different groups.
• Voting Rights Act of 1965:
– Ensured that all citizens would have the
opportunity to vote, regardless of race
– Renewed in 2006

54. The Struggle Continues (cont.)
• Affirmative action:
– Designed to make up for past
discrimination
– Encouraged hiring and promoting
minorities and women
– Considered by critics to discriminate
against men and whites

55. The Struggle Continues (cont.)
• Continuing struggles:
– Workplace discrimination
– Racial profiling
– Hate crimes
Landmark Civil Rights Acts

56. Rights of Citizens
The Bill of Rights—the first 10
amendments to the U.S.
Constitution—guarantees
certain basic rights to all
Americans. The Bill of Rights
ensures constitutional
guarantees of
• freedom of expression and belief;
• individual security; and
• equal and fair treatment before the law.

57. Limits on Rights
• An individual’s rights must be balanced with the
rights of others and the community’s health and
safety.

58. Equality Under the Law
• Limits on rights must be
reasonable and apply
equally to all.
• This is especially critical
in the courtroom, which
is where the right to due
process comes into play.
• Due process means that government may not act
unfairly or arbitrarily but must follow a set of
reasonable, fair, and standard procedures.

59. Civil Rights
• Civil rights are the protections
granted in the Constitution
that recognize all citizens
must be treated equally under
the law.
• In the United States at one
time, there were widespread
segregation laws.
• In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896),
the Supreme Court ruled that
separate-but-equal facilities
were constitutional.

60. Civil Rights (cont.)
• In Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka (1954),
the Court ruled for complete
desegregation.
• The civil rights movement
made possible the passage of
legislation guaranteeing basic
civil rights for all Americans.

70. civil liberties
freedoms to think and act without
government interference or fear of
unfair legal treatment

71. censorship
the banning of printed materials or
films due to alarming or offensive
ideas

72. petition
a formal request for government
action; a process by which candidates
who are not affiliated with one of the
two major parties can get on the
ballot for the general election in most
states

73. slander
spoken untruths that are harmful to
someone’s reputation

74. libel
written untruths that are harmful to
someone’s reputation

75. media
a means of communication with large
influence

76. imply
something suggested rather than
directly stated

77. search warrant
a court order allowing law
enforcement officers to search a
suspect’s home or business and take
specific items as evidence

78. indictment
a formal charge by a grand jury

79. grand jury
a group of citizens that decides
whether there is sufficient evidence to
accuse someone of a crime

80. double jeopardy
putting someone on trial for a crime of
which he or she was previously
acquitted

81. due process
following established legal
procedures

82. eminent domain
the right of government to take private
property for public use

83. bail
a sum of money used as a security
deposit to ensure that an accused
person returns for his or her trial

84. proportion
the size or amount of something in
relation to something else or to a
whole

85. involve
to take part in or include as a
necessary component

86. suffrage
the right to vote

87. poll tax
a sum of money required of voters
before they are permitted to cast a
ballot

88. violate
to fail to keep or to break, as in a law

89. specify
to mention exactly or clearly

90. discrimination
unfair treatment based on prejudice
against a certain group

91. segregation
the social separation of the races

92. civil rights
the rights of full citizenship and
equality under the law

93. affirmative action
programs intended to make up for
past discrimination by helping
minority groups and women gain
access to jobs and opportunities

94. racial profiling
singling out an individual as a suspect
due to appearance of ethnicity

95. section
an area or division

96. gender
a notation of the sex of a person

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