Contenu connexe Similaire à 04 gas lift_equipment (20) 04 gas lift_equipment2. © CAMCO 1998
3 basic types of gas lift valve, each available in 1” & 1-1/2” sizes:
Dummy valves Orifice valves Unloading valves
• Square edgedSquare edged
• Venturi (nova)Venturi (nova)
• Injection pressure (casing)Injection pressure (casing)
operated valvesoperated valves
• production pressure (fluid)production pressure (fluid)
operated valvesoperated valves
• Throttling/proportionalThrottling/proportional
response valvesresponse valves
GAS LIFT VALVE MECHANICS
4. © CAMCO 1998
Pressure Regulator
Diaphragm/
Atmospheric Bellows
Spring
Stem
Stem Tip
Port
Downstream
Upstream
Spring Operated Gas Lift Valve
Upstream/
Casing
Downstream/Tubing
5. © CAMCO 1998
VALVE OPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES
UN BALANCED VALVEUN BALANCED VALVE
F = P X AF = P X A
Pc
1
PdPd
PtPt
WHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSEDWHEN THE VALVE IS CLOSED
TO OPEN IT…..TO OPEN IT…..
Pd x Ab=Pd x Ab= Pc
1
(Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
PdPd
Pc
2
WHEN THE VALVE IS OPENWHEN THE VALVE IS OPEN
TO CLOSE IT…..TO CLOSE IT…..
Pd =Pd = Pc
2
(Ab)
6. © CAMCO 1998
CLOSING FORCE (IPO VALVE) Fc = PbAb
OPENING FORCES (IPO VALVE) Fo1 = Pc (Ab- Ap)
Fo2 = Pt Ap
TOTAL OPENING FORCE Fo = Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap
JUST BEFORE THE VALVE OPENS THE FORCES ARE EQUAL
Pc (Ab - Ap) + Pt Ap = Pb Ab
Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab)
SOLVING FOR Pc Pc = --------------------------
1 - (Ap/Ab)
WHERE: Pb = Pressure in bellows
Pt = Tubing pressure
Pc = Casing pressure
Ab = Area of bellows
Ap = Area of port
VALVE OPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES
7. © CAMCO 1998
VALVE OPENING & CLOSING PRESSURES
Pb - Pt (Ap/Ab)
Pc = ----------------------
1 - (Ap/Ab)
Where R = Ratio Ap/Ab
Pb - Pt (R)
Pc = ----------------------
1 - R
Pb = Pc (1 - R) + Pt (R)
8. © CAMCO 1998
INJECTION GAS
PRODUCED FLUID
0
2000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
4000
1000 2000
DEPTHFTTVD
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
1500500 2500
DRAWDOWN
3000 3500
FBHP SIBHP
9. © CAMCO 1998
GAS LIFT VALVES CLOSE IN SEQUENCE
0
2000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
4000
1000 2000
DEPTHFTTVD
TUBING PRESSURE
CASING PRESSURE
1500500 2500
DRAWDOWN
3000 3500
FBHP SIBHP
10. © CAMCO 1998
INJECTION GAS
PRODUCED FLUID
CASING P.CASING P.
TO OPENTO OPEN
CASING PCASING P
TO CLOSETO CLOSE
AT SURFACEAT SURFACE
VALVE # 1VALVE # 1
VALVE # 2VALVE # 2
VALVE # 3VALVE # 3
DOME P.DOME P.
1200 PSI1200 PSI
1260 PSI1260 PSI
1300 PSI1300 PSI
NOTE : ALL VALVES 3/16” R-20NOTE : ALL VALVES 3/16” R-20
R = 0.038 1-R = 0.962R = 0.038 1-R = 0.962
Pd = Pc (1-R) + Pt (R)Pd = Pc (1-R) + Pt (R)
TUBING P.TUBING P.
@ DEPTH@ DEPTH
890 PSI890 PSI
740 PSI740 PSI
560 PSI560 PSI
? PSI? PSI
? PSI? PSI
? PSI? PSI
1340 PSI1340 PSI ? PSI? PSI
11. © CAMCO 1998
Pt
Pc
Pb
Dome
Bellows
Square Edged
Seat
Check Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type
Injection Pressure (Casing) Operated Gas Lift Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Stem Tip (Ball)
Pt
Pc
Pb
Dome
Bellows
Check Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type
Production Pressure (Fluid) Operated Gas Lift Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Stem Tip (Ball)
Square Edged
Seat
12. © CAMCO 1998
Pt
Pc
PbDome
Bellows
Tapered
T.C. Seat
Check Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Nitrogen Charged Bellows Type
Proportional Response Gas Lift Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Spring
Large T.C. Ball
Pt
Pc
Atmospheric
Bellows
Square Edged
Seat
Check Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Spring Operated
Injection Pressure (Casing) Operated Gas Lift Valve
Chevron
Packing
Stack
Stem Tip (Ball)
Spring
Adjustment
Nut & Lock Nuts
15. © CAMCO 1998
GAS LIFT VALVE FEATURES
• Bellows protection
• Max dome charge
• Check valve
• Stem travel
• Metallurgy
• Elastomers
• Max fluid rate
16. © CAMCO 1998
UNLOADING GAS LIFT VALVE
• Normally required during unloading phase
only
• Open only when annulus and tubing
pressures are high enough to overcome
valve set pressure
• Valve closes after transfer to next station
• May be spring or nitrogen charged
17. © CAMCO 1998
ORIFICE VALVES
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF ORIFICE VALVE:
• SQUARED EDGED ORIFICE
• VENTURI (NOVA)
• Valve designed for accurate gas passage
prediction.
• One-way check valve for tubing integrity.
19. © CAMCO 1998
OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
• Typically an ‘orifice’ type Gas lift valve
• always open - allows gas across Passage whenever
correct differential exists
• Gas injection controlled by size and differential
across replaceable choke
• Back-check prevents reverse flow of well fluids from
the production conduit
22. © CAMCO 1998
5 1/2” MMRG-4, 1 1/2” POCKET
ROUND MANDREL DESIGN
ENGINEERING DATA
CAMCO
©CAMCO 1996
PART NUMBER 05712-000-00001
SIZE 5 1/2”
MAX O.D. 7.982”
MIN I.D. 4.756”
DRIFT I.D. 4.653”
THREAD 17 LB/FT MANN BDS B x P
TEST PRESSURE INTERNAL 7740 PSI
TEST PRESSURE EXTERNAL 6280 PSI
LATCH TYPE RK, RK-1, RKP, RK-SP
KICKOVER TOOL OM-1, OM-1M, OM-1S
RUNNING TOOL RK-1 15079
PULLING TOOL 1 5/8” JDS 15155
MATERIAL 410 S.S., 13 CR 22 HRC MAX
TENSILE STRENGTH (EOEC) 490,000 LBS
Orienting
Sleeve
Tool
Discriminator
‘G’ Latch
Lug
Polished
Seal Bore
27. © CAMCO 1998
RK / BK LATCH
THERE ARE OTHER
LATCHES
• 1-1/2” RK
• 1-1/2” RA
• 1-1/2” RM
• T2 LATCHES
• 1” BK
28. © CAMCO 1998
KICKOVER TOOL
THE KICKOVER TOOL IS RUN ON WIRELINE AND USED TO PULL AND SET
GAS LIFT VALVES. THE ABILITY TO WIRELINE CHANGE-OUT GAS LIFT
VALVES GIVES GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN THE GAS LIFT DESIGN
29. © CAMCO 1998
INJECTION GAS
PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
DEPTH(FTTVD)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
1000 20000
OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
CASING PRESSURE WHEN
WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
FBHP
SIBHP
FLOWINGTUBINGPRESSUREGRADIENT
CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
DAY 2
“LET’S DO GAS LIFT DESIGN”
• Recap
• Finish off outstanding work
• Gas Lift Well Kick-off
• Gas laws applied to gas lift design
• Gas Passage
• Flowing gradient exercises
• Gas lift design methods
• Gas lift design - examples
•Mandrel spacing
•Gas requirements
•Port size selection
•Pressure valve calculations
30. © CAMCO 1998
INJECTION GAS
PRODUCED FLUID
PRESSURE (PSI)
DEPTH(FTTVD)
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
1000 20000
OPERATING GAS LIFT VALVE
CASING PRESSURE WHEN
WELL IS BEING GAS LIFTED
FBHP
SIBHP
FLOWINGTUBINGPRESSUREGRADIENT
CONSTANT FLOW GAS LIFT WELL
RECAP - DAY 1
“ARM OURSELVES WITH THE KNOWLEDGE TO DO GAS LIFT DESIGN”
• Course introduction
• Introduction to artificial lift
• Types of gas lift
• Applications of continuous flow gas lift
• Advantages & disadvantages of gas lift
• Basic introduction to gas lift principles
• Continuous flow unloading sequence
• Inflow and outflow performance
• Gas lift valve mechanics
• Gas lift mandrels, latches, kickover tools
• Unloading sequence - computer model
33. © CAMCO 1998
GAS LIFT VALVE CHANGEOUTS!
• Methodical
• Equalise pressure
• Valve catcher
• Latches
• Running / pulling tools
• Pressure tests
• Experience
• Risk
34. © CAMCO 1998
EQUIPMENT SUMMARY
• Side pocket mandrels
• IPO unloading valves
• Fluid pressure operated valves
• Proportional response valves
• Orifice valves
• Shear open valves
• Latch system
• Dump kill valves
• Circulating valves
• Pilot valves
• Check systems
• Waterflood regulators
• Chemical injection systems
• Time cycle controllers
35. © CAMCO 1998
SURFACE ACTUATED/CONTROLLED
GAS LIFT VALVE
• Hydraulic controlled valve
• Electric controlled valve
Notes de l'éditeur UNLOADING VALVES - DESIGNED TO CLOSED. PRESSURE REGULATORS - DIFFERENT CLOSING MECHANISMS *WHY SPRING? WHY NITROGEN)
BASICALLY A PRESSURE REGULATOR OR PRV -SET TO RELIEVE PRESSURE FROM THE CASING.
NOTE ; ‘UNBALANCED’ OPENING FORCE IN TERMS OF THE CASING PRESSURE IS DIFFERENT THAN THE CLOSING PRESSURE IN TERMS OF THE CASING PRESSURE. THE FORCES REMAIN CONSTANT BUT THE AFFECTED AREAS ON WHICH THE CASING ORESSURE ACTS CHANGES
MANDRELS ONLY WELDED ITEM IN THE COMPLETION
MANDREL - HOLDS THE TOOL IN THIS CASE THE VALVE
CONVENTIAONL V’S WIRELINE RETRIEVABLE
ELABORATE ON WELDING , FORGING & MACHINING SECTIONS
DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT METALLURGIES AND DIFFICULTIES WITH WELDING & TREATING ESPECICALLY INCONEL.
KICKOVER TOOLS - SHOW THE KICKOVER MODEL
FIRST DAY WE WILL HAVE CONCENTRATED ON FLUID MECHANICS & ONLY BRIEFLY ON EQUIPMENT.
DAY 2 = APPLYING FLUID PRINCIPLES TO A GAS LIFT DESGIN (SPM SPACING & VALVE CALCS)
THIS FIRST DESIGN CAN BE DONE COLLECTIVELY (PREFERRED) OR INDIVIDUALLY
EQUIPMENT : SPMS - CUT-AWAYS
LATCHES - LATCH PROFILES
RUNNING PULLING TOOLS - MENTION DIFFERENCES
EXAMPLES OF FLUID DAMAGE
INSTRUCTORS - RB
ATTENDEES / BACKGROUNDS
CONTENTS & AIMS OF COURSE (PUT ONTO FLIP PAPER
FINISH FRIDAY LUNCH TIME
TAKE 25 MINS - AJ 20 MINS - 45 OVERALL