2. A new world in the making: cities and powerful kings

3. Urban culture on the rise

4. The monastic spur to urban growth

5. Cistercians- founded in 1098 as a reformed offshoot of the Benedictines developed new agricultural techniques- ways of draining swamps and the use of crop rotation

6. The growth o f trade and crafts

7. Guilds- regulated the training of those who were learning a trade and at the same time got a fair price for the guild members work

8. Kings and Nations on the rise

9. Church institutions flourish

10. A reforming papacy and clergy

11. The battle over lay investiture

12. Gregory VII – (hide brand) became pope in 1073 wanted to free the church from secular control

13. Lay investiture- the practice by which a high-ranking lay person could appoint bishops or abbots “investing” them with power and requiring their loyalty

14. Henry IV – German emperor who objected to the popes ruling

15. Concordat of Worms- whereby the emperor agreed that rulers would no longer have the right to appoint bishops; all bishops would be elevated and consecrated by church authority

16. A strong papacy

17. Innocent III- most powerful medieval pope

18. Papal elections

19. College of cardinals- a group o f bishops from the area around Rome would meet to elect the pope by a 2/3 vote

20. Reform for priests

21. Celibacy- not marrying

22. Sacraments- baptism confirmation the Eucharist reconciliation anointing of the sick marriage and holy orders

23. Beauty and inspiration in the cathedrals

24. Cathedrals- provided focal points for peoples lives and work

25. Romanesque- named after the roman style

26. Gothic

27. Flying buttresses

28. Choir- the front enclosure that was reserved for the priests and monks who sang and recited the divine office

29. Divine office- the series of psalms and prayers organized for use during each liturgical season

30. Nave- the main room was used for the common peoples mass and in a section of the nave was the font for baptisms

31. Universities born from cathedrals

32. From the cathedral schools

33. University- teachers and students began to group together to study some of the classical subjects

34. University life medieval style

35. Help from Muslim scholars

36. A church divided zeal misguided

37. The split between east and west

38. A buildup of differences

39. The final break

40. Michael Cerularius- the patriarch of Constantinople