1. 1. Wilhelm Wundt ­ Introspection
2. STRUCTURALISM
3. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Tichner
4. Structures of the mind
5. Identify the elements of thought through
introspection and determine how these elements
create the whole experience
6. A model of the scientific study of mental processes
7. Introspection could not be used to study animals,
children or complex problems like mental disorders or
personality
personality

2. 1. FUNCTIONALISM
2. William James
3. Animal behavior and biological processes
4. How the mind functions to adapt humans and other
animals to their environment
5. Expanded the scope of psychology to include
research on emotions and observable behavior,
psych testing, modern education and diversified into
industry
6. No criticisms, but it did die out
No criticisms, but it did die out

3. 1. PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHODYAMIC
2. Sigmund Freud, M.D.
3. Conflicts between what people believe to be
acceptable behavior and their unacceptable motives
(sex and aggression)
4. These motives are what lead to behavior and are
hidden in the unconscious, outside of our awareness
5. Psychotherapy, psychiatry and modern
psychodynamic psychologists
6. Too much emphasis on sex and aggression and not
enough emphasis on social motives and relationships
7. Neo­Freudians
Neo Freudians
­

4. 1. BEHAVIORAL PERSPECTIVE
2. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
3. Watson studied classical conditioning (Pavlov)
Skinner studied how we can shape human behavior
(Operant Conditioning)
4. Studied objective, observable environmental
influences on behavior
5. Treating people with overt problems (observable
behavioral problems)
6. Non­human research, but some human research
Non human research, but some human research
­

5. 1. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
2. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
3. All individuals strive to grow, develop and move
toward self­actualization
toward self ­
4. Free­will, self­actualization and human nature is
4. Free will, self
­ ­
naturally positive and growth seeking
5. Personality Research and Psychotherapy
6. No criticisms
No criticisms

6. 1. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
2. Jean Piaget, Albert Ellis, Albert Bandura, Robert
Bandura
Sternberg and Howard Gardner
3. Research emphasis was on thought, perception and
information processing
4. Perception, memory, imagery, concept formation,
problem solving, reasoning, decision making and
language
5. Information Processing Approach, gather
information, process it and produce a response
6. No criticisms
No criticisms

7. 1. NEUROSCIENCE/BIOPSYCHOLOGY PERSPECTIVE
2. Johannes Muller, Karl Lashley, David Hubel, James
Lashley Hubel
st
Olds, Roger Sperry and Candice Pert (1 female)
3. Research emphasis is on sensation, perception,
learning, memory, language, sexuality and abnormal
behavior
4. Genetics and biological processes in the brain and
other parts of the nervous system
5. Development of tools to study the structure and
function of nerve cells, the brain and the nervous
system and how this contributes to behavior
6. No criticisms
No criticisms

8. 1. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
2. Charles Darwin, Konrad Lorenz, E.O. Wilson and
David Buss
3. Research focus is on natural selection, adaptation
and the evolution of behavior and mental processes
4. How behavior and mental processes create a survival
or reproductive advantage
5. Understanding how behavior contributes to survival
and reproductive success (passing your behavior
(and physical) genes onto your offspring
6. No criticisms
No criticisms

9. 1. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
2. John Berry, Patricia Greenfield and Richard Brislin
3. Emphasizes social interactions and cultural
determinants of behavior and mental processes
4. Focus is on ethnicity, religion, occupation and
socioeconomic class and how these contribute to
behavior
5. Allows us to understand how society and culture
influence our behavior and mental processes
6. No criticisms
No criticisms

10. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
n
n Today we have 7 major perspectives
– Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
– Behavioral
– Humanistic
– Cognitive
– Neuroscience/Biopsychology
– Evolutionary
– Sociocultural
n
n BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL perspective says that
– BIOLOGY – genetics, brain function, neurotransmitters and
evolution
– PSYCHOLOGY – learning, thinking, emotion, personality and
motivation
– SOCIETY – family, school, culture, ethnicity, social class and
politics
n
n All affect each other
All affect each other