2. Working Women and Men 60% of women in the work force; 75% work full-time Factors that have changed the U.S. labor force Decline of farming Growth of cities Shrinking family size Rising divorce rate
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5. Gender and Occupations U.S. Department of Labor High concentration of women in two types of jobs Administrative work (“pink-collar jobs”) Service work (food, child care, and health care) Men dominate most other job categories
7. Gender and Occupations Women are kept out of certain jobs by defining some kinds of work as “masculine” Fewer women higher in the corporate world
8. Gender, Income, and Wealth Women earn 77 cents for every dollar earned by men Differences are greater among older workers Older working women have typically have less education and seniority
18. Gender, Income, and Wealth Second cause of gender-based income inequality Society’s view of family U.S. culture gives more of the responsibility of parenting to women Pregnancy and raising small children keep many young women out of the labor force
19. Continued Choices women make in workplace have an effect on how much they’re paid Women choose positions that offer flexibility rather than high salary Avoid extensive overtime or business travel because of home responsibilities Tend to take breaks in work careers due to maternity leave or child-rearing duties
20. Continued 2007 Cornell University study Mothers are penalized in the workplace Perceived by employers as less competent and offered lower starting salaries than equally qualified childless women Men aren’t similarly penalized for being parents
21. Housework: Women’s “Second Shift” How does housework present a cultural contradiction in the U.S.? Essential for family life Little rewards for doing it In U.S. and around the world Care of home and children are “women’s work”
22. Housework: Women’s “Second Shift” Labor force reduced the amount of housework, but the share done by women remains the same
24. Gender, Income, and Wealth Third factor is discrimination against women Because it is illegal, it is practiced in subtle ways Glass ceiling prevents many women from rising above middle management
25. Gender, Income, and Wealth Why do many people think women own most of the country’s wealth? Perhaps because they typically outlive men Government statistics say differently 57% of people with assets of $1.5 million or more are men Forbes: 10% of the richest people in the U.S. are women
