2. CONTENTS
• What is BIOMASS ?
– Sources of Biomass
• Overview of Energy Conditions in Pakistan
• Generation of biomass in Pakistan
• Prospects of Energy From Biomass in Pakistan
– Types Of Local Plants working in rural areas
– Prospects for the Commercial Plants
• Survey
• Comparison with other countries
• Conclusion
• Recommendation
4. BIOMASS
• All organic matter is known as biomass, and the energy
released from biomass when it is eaten, burnt or
converted into fuels is called biomass energy.
• Biomass provides a clean, renewable energy source that
could dramatically improve our environment, economy
and energy security. Biomass energy generates far less
air emissions than fossil fuels.
• Unlike combustion of fossil fuels, which releases carbon
dioxide captured by photosynthesis billions of years ago,
carbon dioxide released by biomass is balanced by
carbon dioxide captured in the recent growth of the
biomass, so there is far less net impact on greenhouse
gas levels.
5. WHERE DOES BIOMASS COME FROM ?
Biomass is obtained from any
plant, human or animal
derived organic matter.
• Wood from trees, agricultural
crops, wood factory waste, and
the construction industry
• Burnt wood from forest fires
• Animals and animal droppings
7. CONVERSION OF BIOMASS WASTE INTO
USEABLE FUELS
Gasification
• Exposing a solid fuel to high temperatures and limited oxygen
produces biogas.
Pyrolysis
• Heating the biomass can produce pyrolysis oil and phenol oil
leaving charcoal.
Digestion
• Bacteria, in an oxygen-starved environment can produce methane.
Fermentation
• Bio-material that is used to manufacture Ethanol and Biodiesel by
an anaerobic biological process in which sugars are converted to
alcohol by the action of micro-organisms, usually yeast.
Solid Fuel Combustion
• Direct combustion of solid matter. (Gary C.Young).
9. Overview of Energy Conditions in
Pakistan
• Pakistan's energy requirement is increasing rapidly every year.
The primary energy consumption in Pakistan grew by almost
80% in the past 15 years from 34 million tons oil equivalent
(TOE) in 1994-95 to 61 million TOE in 2009-10.
• Today, only 55% of Pakistan’s population has access to
electricity. The nation is currently facing a 3 GW power supply
shortage - the most severe energy crisis to ever hit the country
(Harijan,Uqaili and Memon).
10. • The solution of this is nothing but adopting renewable
energy as we have a number of options including solar
energy, waves, tides, wind, biomass etc. (Hussain, 2010).
11. Generation of Biomass in
Pakistan
• Pakistan is a thickly populated country. The overall
population of Pakistan is about 173.593 million(Census
2011).
• Out of which 66% people live in Rural areas and 34% live
in Urban areas(Census 2011).
• The waste generated by this huge population is also in a
very large amount.
• About 54,888 tons of waste is being generated daily.
• The figure reaches up to 20,034,120 tons annually.
• Approximately 225,000 tons of crop residues and over 1
million tons of animal manure are produced daily.
12. Prospects of Energy From
Biomass in Pakistan
• The recently carried out livestock census 2006 shows that there
are total of 57 million cattles /buffaloes in Pakistan.
• Around six thousand digesters have reportedly been installed
whearas potential in the country for around five million digesters
based on its suitable climate and number of livestocks.
• According to Pakistan Centre for Renewable Energy
Technologies(PCRET): There is enough livestock for producing
biogas up to 16 million cubic meter a day and it can be very
effectively used as fuel(Pandey and Bajgain,2007).
13. Types of Local Biogas Plants
working in Pakistan:
• There are two types of local plants which have been
introduced in Pakistan.
• 1. Fixed-Dome plant 2. Floating-drum plant (Pandey
and Bajgain,2007)
14. FIXED-DOME PLANT
Fixed-dome plant 1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe. 2. Digester. 3. Compensating and removal
tank. 4. Gasholder. 5. Gas pipe. 6. Entry hatch, with gaslight seal and weighted.
7.Difference in level = gas pressure in cm WC. 8. Supernatant scum; broken up by varying
level. 9. Accumulation of thick sludge. 10. Accumulation of grit and stones. 11. Zero
line:filling height without gas pressure.
15. FLOATING-DRUM PLANT
• Floating-drum plant 1. Mixing tank with inlet pipe. 2. Digester. 3.
Overflow on outlet pipe. 4.Gasholder with braces for breaking up
surface scum. 5. Gas outlet with main. 6. Gas drum guide structure. 7.
Difference in level = gas pressure in cm WC. 8. Floating scum in the
case of fibrous feed material. 9. Accumulation of thick sludge. 10.
Accumulation of grit and stones. 11. Water jacket with oil film
16. Prospects For the Commercial
Plants
• There is no any commercial Biogas plant in Pakistan.
• Three are three sites where we can introduce commercial
plants.
– Landhi in Karachi
– Okara
– Sargodha
LANDHI CATTLE COLONY
• Landhi Cattle Colony is located in the administrative units of Landhi and
Bin Qasim townships, close to the Korangi industrial zone some twenty
kilometres east of Karachi centre. The population of the two townships
together is more than 1.2 million in almost 175,000 households. Of
these, some 2,000 are farmer households closely agglomerated in
Bhains Colony (Anthony and Baverly,2006).
19. SURVEY OF COLONY
• Landhi and Bin Qasim towns are home to over a million people, and
400,000 heads of cattle. The industrial zone and cattle colonies place
the area under severe environmental stress; there is no waste disposal
plan for the 8,000 tonnes of cattle waste generated daily. Most of this is
flushed into open drains, and disgorged on the nearby coast.
20. • The long-term and on-going dumping of massive quantities of
raw dung into the local environment renders much of the land
over nutrified and good only for dumping yet more dung, while
the waterways and coastal waters are unable to support
meaningful marine life due to the excessive biological oxygen
demand of the decaying material.
• The terrestrial environment at Landhi is buckling under the
waste load from the colonies. Canyons of cattle dung line the
roads. The area is fly infested
21. • At present, most farmers use pumps, typically of 1 kW rating,
for about four hours per day to pump water used to wash waste
into drains.
• The coast by the outfall from the colony is heavily polluted with
organic waste from the colony. Tidal drift carries industrial
waste from the Korangi stream that flanks the export-
processing zone immediately to the west of the main cattle
colony.
• Mangroves in the area are dying.
• Livelihoods of the fishers on the coast are adversely impacted.
These problems can be solved by installing a
commercial plant which not only provide 25MW
of electricity but also save the environment
from being polluted…
22. Comparison with other
Countries
INDIA:
• Like Pakistan, India is also an agricultural country and
generating a huge amount of biomass. India has installed
about 12 million biogas plants with 60% success rate. It has
planned to generate about 1GW energy from so many
commercial plants which are installing mostly by private
sectors.(Sundar Bbau,2002)
CHINA:
• China has installed about 17 million biogas plants with less
than 50% success rate. (Hefa and HU,2010)
NEPAL:
• 189,122 plants have been installed in Nepal with 98%
success rate.
23. CONCLUSION
• Pakistan has one of the largest unexploited biogas resources in
the region. Based on the availability of livestock and suitable
climatic conditions, this study concludes that there is a potential
of over 5 million household biogas digesters in Pakistan.
• The main barriers to large-scale adoption of biogas have been:
a) lack of an organized approach to scale up; b) poor
performance of previous biogas initiatives in the country for a
variety of reasons; c) high upfront investment cost for biogas
plants and limited availability of affordable credit; d) lack of
appreciation of full fertilizer value of bioslurry.
• The Government Of Pakistan has failed to attarct the private
sectors towards non-renewable site. It clearly shows the lack of
interest towards energy sector. Two days holiday in a week is
not a solution to overcome the energy requirement. It demands
an immediate step. Energy from biomass can be the the first
step to overcome our energy requirements and save our
environment from pollution to a some extent
24. RECOMMENDATIONS
• This study recommends that concrete steps be taken
towards development of a national scale program to
promote household biogas digesters through a market
mechanism, keeping in view the excellent potential for
this technology in Pakistan.
• Train local people to get maximum benefit of it.
• There should be continuous monitoring of plants by both
external and local consultants.
• Proper channeling of subsidies and loan support to make
the program to be most successful.
• Take immediate step towards Landhi cattle colony as
situation is being worst and worst day by day.
25. RECOMMENDATIONS…. (CONT)
• In order to commercialize biogas technology it should be
market oriented, autonomous and adequately structured
sector with maximum involvement of private
organizations and also necessary to involve Community
Based Organization(CBOs), Non-Governmental
Organization (NGOs), International Non-Governmental
Organization(INGOs).
• Pay attention towards sewage system, as if it is
maintained properly, energy can also be produced by
treatment of sewage waste. But for this sewage system
must be proper.
26. • Next time you flush the toilet, you could
be doing your bit for green energy. After
being stored for 18 days, human waste
will from today be returning to homes in
the form of renewable gas……
