3. Outline 1. What is pragmatics? 2. Pragmatic restrictions made by a corpus 2.1. Possible solutions for corpora to be contextualized 3. Pragmatic phenomena studied by corpora 3.1. Conversational organisation 3.2. Discourse markers 3.3. Speech act expressions 4. Looking to the future
4. 1.What is pragmatics? Study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. Subfield of linguistics. Deals with speaker meaning rather than sentence meaning. Key: Context “The art of the analysis of the unsaid”
5. The relevance of corpus linguistics in pragmatics How does a corpus restrict the study of pragmatics?
6. 2.Pragmatic restrictions made by a corpus Reliable textual record: Unreliable textual record: TEXTUALLY GOOD TEXTUALLY IMPOVERISHED Lack of valuable contextual info: Uncoded visual contextual features: CONTEXTUALLY IMPOVERISHED CONTEXTUALLY IMPOVERISHED
7. 3. Pragmatic phenomena studied by corpora On the basis of POS-tagged corpora we have: - Conversational organisation - Discourse marking - Speech act expressions
8. 3.1. Conversational organisation The heart of pragmatic research. Conversation has proved to be a highly structuredsocial activity. Turn –taking: a rule-governed and it has three rules: - One party speaks at a time - Speaker change recurs - No gap/no overlap
12. Conversationalorganisation Turninitiators: theveryfirstformwithwhich a speaker starts a new turn in conversation. E.g.: Mhm, uh-huh, Oh, Yeah Underthisdefinition, somebackchannelsfomscount as turninitiatorstoo, althoughbackchannels are oftenregarded as listenertalkratherthan speaker turns.
13. 3.2. Discourse markers Connectors – types of linkers How discourse “relates” to other discourse as a: -Continuation - Transition - Quotation - Elaboration - Disgression - Qualification
21. 4.Looking tothefuture Cross-modal communication - Cross- modal = facetofacecommunicationi.e.communicationiscross-modal in thesensethat “signals in onemode can to a certainextentbesubstitutedfororreplacedbysignals in othermodes” Multi-modal communication - Patterns of interactionbetween verbal and non-verbal choices