Public speaking chapter 1

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.1Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
Essentials ofEssentials of
Public SpeakingPublic Speaking
Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.
5th Edition5th Edition
Public Speaking
Ethics and
You
Chapter 1
Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton

Key IdeasKey Ideas
 Benefits of taking Public speakingBenefits of taking Public speaking
 The basic types of public speechesThe basic types of public speeches
 The communication process and the speakerThe communication process and the speaker
 The public speaker’s ethical obligationsThe public speaker’s ethical obligations

Flashback . . .Flashback . . .
Educated Greeks and Romans studiedEducated Greeks and Romans studied rhetoricrhetoric
—the art of persuasive public speaking.—the art of persuasive public speaking.
Aristotle’sAristotle’s RhetoricRhetoric divided speaking into:divided speaking into:
• ForensicForensic (speaking in court)
• DeliberativeDeliberative (political or legislative speaking)
• EpideicticEpideictic (ceremonial speaking)

Benefits of Public SpeakingBenefits of Public Speaking
 Enhances personal developmentEnhances personal development
 Influences your worldInfluences your world
 Advances your careerAdvances your career

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.5
Enhances Personal DevelopmentEnhances Personal Development
 Builds personal communication confidenceBuilds personal communication confidence
 Gives you more control over your lifeGives you more control over your life
– Helps you construct arguments and present positions
– Develops critical thinking skills
 Makes you a more flexible communicatorMakes you a more flexible communicator
 Helps you from feeling manipulatedHelps you from feeling manipulated
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You

Influences Your WorldInfluences Your World
 Better prepared for involvement in campusBetter prepared for involvement in campus
issuesissues
 Better prepared for involvement in civicBetter prepared for involvement in civic
issuesissues
 Better prepared to share information relevantBetter prepared to share information relevant
to a particular positionto a particular position

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.71.7
Advances Your Career:Advances Your Career:
Example: EngineeringExample: Engineering
 Electrical engineers spend over 4 hours perElectrical engineers spend over 4 hours per
day communicating (Vestal et al. 1996)day communicating (Vestal et al. 1996)
 About 50% of all engineers value oral skillsAbout 50% of all engineers value oral skills
above technical skills (Darling & Daniels, 2003)above technical skills (Darling & Daniels, 2003)
 Oral skills ranked second to importance afterOral skills ranked second to importance after
problem-solving skills (Evans et al. 1993)problem-solving skills (Evans et al. 1993)

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning 1.81.8Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
Types of SpeechesTypes of Speeches
 InformativeInformative -- Focuses on conveying facts
and promoting understanding.
 PersuasivePersuasive -- Seeks to influence choices &
opinions.
 Special occasionSpecial occasion -- Lends a sense of distinction
to special occasions.

Informative Vs. PersuasiveInformative Vs. Persuasive
InformativeInformative
 PromotePromote
understanding of aunderstanding of a
body of factsbody of facts
– Performing Heimlich
maneuver
– Effects of stress on the
body
– Growth of YouTube and
Twitter
PersuasivePersuasive
 Seek to influenceSeek to influence
beliefs, choices orbeliefs, choices or
opinionsopinions
– On-campus parking
should be expanded
– Daily exercise is
necessary for health
– City and country libraries
are the surest avenue for
maintaining our demcracy

Special OccasionSpecial Occasion
 Gives sense of distinction to important eventsGives sense of distinction to important events
 Examples of special occasionsExamples of special occasions
– Weddings
– Funerals
– Award ceremonies
– Introducing a new student

The Communication Process:The Communication Process:
LISTENER
Motivation
SPEAKER
Message
Decoded
Message
Encoded
Stimulus

Frame of ReferenceFrame of Reference
 BeliefsBeliefs
 AttitudesAttitudes
 ValuesValues
 Background (e.g. education, gender, race,Background (e.g. education, gender, race,
hometown)hometown)
 ExperiencesExperiences

Differences in Cultural ValuesDifferences in Cultural Values
Americans Japanese Arabs
1. Freedom 1. Belonging 1. Family Security
2. Independence 2. Group Harmony 2. Family Harmony
3. Self-Reliance 3. Collectiveness 3. Parental Guidance
4. Equality 4. Age/Seniority 4. Age
5. Individualism 5. Group Consciousness 5. Authority
6. Competition 6. Cooperation 6. Compromise
7. Efficiency 7. Quality 7. Devotion
8. Time 8. Patience 8. Patience
9. Directness 9. Indirectness 9. Indirectness
10. Openness 10. Go-between 10. Hospitality

LISTENER
Motivation
SPEAKER
Message
Decoded
Message
Encoded
Code
Stimulus

Communication CodesCommunication Codes
 LanguageLanguage (Verbal) - spoken or written words
 ParalanguageParalanguage (Vocal) - tone, pitch, volume, etc.
 Non-VerbalNon-Verbal (Visual) - eye contact, facial
expressions, posture, etc.
Vocal &
Visual Code
Verbal Code

LISTENER
Motivation
SPEAKER
Message
Decoded
Internal
Noise
Message
Encoded
Internal
Noise
Code
Feedback
Stimulus
ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENT
External
Noise

Speaking of EthicsSpeaking of Ethics
 The public’s perceptions of ethical standardsThe public’s perceptions of ethical standards
in several professionsin several professions
 Violations and costs of unethical behaviorViolations and costs of unethical behavior
 The ethical responsibilities of speakersThe ethical responsibilities of speakers
 Classroom ethicsClassroom ethics

The Public’s View of Ethical StandardsThe Public’s View of Ethical Standards
Table 1.2
Percentage of
people as rating
each profession
as having
“High” or
“Very High”
ethical standards
Profession 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Nurses 83 79 82 84 79 84 83
Druggists, pharmacists 67 72 67 73 67 70 66
Medical doctors 68 67 65 69 63 64 65
Clergy 56 56 54 58 53 56 50
Police officers 59 60 61 54 53 56 63
Accountants — — 39 — — 38 --
Journalists 25 — 28 26 — 25 23
Bankers 35 36 41 37 35 23 19
Lawyers 16 18 18 18 15 18 13
Real estate agents — — 20 — — 17 --
College Professors 59 — 64 58 — 54
Business executives 18 20 16 18 14 12 12
Stockbrokers 15 — 16 17 12 12 9
Congresspersons 17 20 14 14 9
Senators 20 -- 16 15 -- -- 11
Advertising practitioners 12 10 11 11 9 10 11
Car salespeople 7 9 8 7 6
Insurance salespeople 12 -- -- 13 -- -- 10
Copyright Cengage © 2011

Costs of unethical behaviorCosts of unethical behavior
 2007: Dismissal from job2007: Dismissal from job
(Marilee Jones Admissions Dean at MIT due to(Marilee Jones Admissions Dean at MIT due to
untrue facts on resume)untrue facts on resume)
 2006: Re-defense of dissertations2006: Re-defense of dissertations
(Investigation Ohio University 37 former engineering(Investigation Ohio University 37 former engineering
graduate students plagiarized portions of theses orgraduate students plagiarized portions of theses or
dissertations)dissertations)
 2007: Dismissal from job2007: Dismissal from job (producer of(producer of KatieKatie
Couric’s notebookCouric’s notebook for not giving credit tofor not giving credit to Wall StreetWall Street
Journal articleJournal article for lines quoted in piece)for lines quoted in piece)

Exaggeration, Distortion and PlagiarismExaggeration, Distortion and Plagiarism
 ExaggerationExaggeration
– Overstating
– Presenting facts as more important than they are
 Distortion -Distortion -
– Misrepresenting or twisting facts
– Stating facts are true when only partially true
 PlagiarismPlagiarism
– Using ideas of others without giving credit
– Using material from the Internet without giving credit

Classroom EthicsClassroom Ethics
SpeakerSpeaker
1. Always show up when
scheduled to speak.
2. Show respect by being
prepared.
3. Respect audience opinions
4. Be honest—no plagiarism,
exaggeration, or distortion
of facts or visuals. Cite
sources
5. Limit use of Internet
sources.
6. Carefully research all sides
of topic.
AudienceAudience
1. Support speaker—no
homework or daydreaming.
2. Be on time; take job as
audience evaluator
seriously.
3. Respect speaker’s
opinions.
4. Be open-minded; don’t take
offense during speeches or
class discussions.
5. Don’t distract speaker in
any way.
6. Give honest, tactful
critiques including strengths
and weaknesses.

Essentials ofEssentials of
Public SpeakingPublic Speaking
Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.
5th Edition5th Edition
Public Speaking
Ethics and
You
Chapter 1
Cheryl HamiltonCheryl Hamilton

Public speaking chapter 1

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