0.1-0.5/m2/week Curative: 0.5-2/m2/week Eretmocerus spp. Prevent: 0.1-0.5/m2/week Curative: 0.5-2/m2/week Macrolophus Prevent: 0.5-1/m2/week caliginosus Curative: 1-2/m2/week Nesidiocoris tenuis Prevent: 0.5-1/m2/week Curative: 1-2/m2/week PreFeRal 1 tube/week/ha

1. The most common pests
and their natural enemies
Ing. Paco Lozano Rubio
Int’l Technical Advisor
17 oktober 2012

2. Biological Control
• Leafminer
• Whitefly
• Aphids
• Spider mite
• Thrips
17 oktober 2012

3. Leafminer
Liriomyza Liriomyza Liriomyza
bryoniae trifolii huidobrensis
Adults
Size 1.5-2.3 mm 1.5 -2.3 mm 1.7-2.5 mm
Color black – yellow, grey – yellow, black - yellow,
bright, matt, bright,
yellow dorsal dot yellow dorsal dot yellow dorsal dot
Larvae transparent, ochre, yellowish,
intestinal channel visible, not transparent not transparent
white with yellow head
Pupae yellow – dark brown, black yellow – brown yellow – red
Galleries all the surface of the leaf, around the points of beside the nerve of the leaf,
upperside nutrition,
underside
upperside
17 oktober 2012

4. Leafminer
egg
2
4
larve
adult
14 9
pupa 20°c
17 oktober 2012

5. Leafminer
145
160
90
Fecundity (Total)
15
23
7
Fecundity (eegs / day)
2.5
1.5
2
Pre-oviposition
40
27
17
Total
Pupa 22
14
9
Larva
12
9
5
6
4
3
Egg
15
20
25
Temperature (°C)
17 oktober 2012

6. Leafminer
17 oktober 2012

7. Leafminer
• Damage:
• Galleries in the leaves
•  decrease of photosynthesis
•  decrease of yield
• Entrance for bacteria and fungi.
17 oktober 2012

8. Feeding
• Nectar
• Honeydew
• Plant saps
• Males completely depend on females (no ovipositor)
17 oktober 2012

9. Pupa
• Larva exits the leaf and drops on the ground or stays
on the leaf for pupation
• Hibernation as a pupa
17 oktober 2012

10. Leafminer
Beneficial insects:
Dacnusa sibirica Diglyphus isaea
17 oktober 2012

11. Leafminer
Dacnusa sibirica:
• Good capacity to search
• Endo-parasite, the leafminer is not paralyzed and continues
making galleries to the pupation.
• Level of parasitism is difficult to control.
17 oktober 2012

12. Leafminer
Diglyphus isaea:
• Ecto-parasite.
• Leafminer is paralyzed,
the larva of the parasite devours the
leafminer larva.
• Average capacity to search:
introduce at the moment that there are
sufficient galleries present.
• Very fast development:
15°C: 33 days
20°C: 17 days
25°C: 13 days
Pre-oviposition: 1-2 days
Fecundity: 20/day
Host feeding: 70 larva (L1-L2)
17 oktober 2012

13. • Unlike Dacnusa host feeding of L1 + L2 and is
necessary for oviposition (already in production)
• Minimal density of leafminer is necessary for Dyg.
• Recognition stinged larvae
• Shorter galleries with paralyzed larvae
• Excrements next to larva
• Larva dies when the egg hatches
• Larva not completely at the end of the gallery
• Late 2nd and 3rd stage for parasitism
• Pupation not next to the larva
• Pupa between upper and under epidermis
• 6 shafts for strength
17 oktober 2012

14. • Evaluation of the balance in the greenhouse is hard to
check by means of the adults
• Take samples or check the degree of parasitism
• Evaluate the damage
17 oktober 2012

15. Leafminer Control
Beneficial Dosage Remarks
Organism
Dacnusa sibirica Preventive: 0.25/m²/w Introduction by low infestation
(Dacnusa-System) Curative: 0.5-2/m²/w
x3
Diglyphus isaea Preventive: / Introduction by decreasing
(Diglyphus-System Curative: 0.1-1/m²/w infestation,
x3
17 oktober 2012

16. Trialeurodes vaporariorum :
Life cycle
T. vaporariorum
16°C 26°C
Egg 16.0 6.9
L1 8.2 3.6
L2 5.0 2.2
L3 5.2 2.3
Pupa 15.0 6.5
Total 49.4 21.5
17 oktober 2012

17. Trialeurodes vaporariorum:
Egg stage
- In circles
- Pyriform (oval shaped)
- Pedicel: anchor; to fix egg on
the leaf epidermis.
- 0.25 mm
- White, after 1 - 2 days turn into
brownish - black
- Covered with a white powder
17 oktober 2012

18. Trialeurodes vaporariorum:
Larval stage
L1:
- Crawler
- Oval, 0.3 mm
L2:
-Transparent, 0.3 – 0.4 mm
L3:
- = L2, 0.5 mm
L4/pupa:
- white, oval, 0.7 mm
- Corona of wax-like hears
- Morphological transform. ≈ pupa
Empty pupa:
17 oktober 2012 - T-shaped insertion

19. Trialeurodes vaporariorum:
Adult stage
- ♀: 1.1 mm
♂: 0.9 mm
- Just after hatching:
white, transparent wings
- After some hours:
covered with white wax powder
- pre-oviposition period = 1 - 2 days
- Number of eggs each day = 5 – 10 (*)
- Life span ♀ = 5 – 50 days (*)
(*) depend on climate and crop conditions
17 oktober 2012

20. Bemisia tabaci :
Life cycle
B. tabaci
16 °C 26 °C
Egg 21.0 6.7
L1 11.8 3.7
L2 9.0 2.9
L3 10.4 3.3
Pupa 18.1 5.7
Total 70.3 22.3
17 oktober 2012

21. Bemisia tabaci:
Egg-stage
- In circles
- Pyriform (oval shaped)
- Pedicel: anchor; fix the egg on the
leaf epidermis
- 0.18 mm
- Yellowish-green, after 1 - 2 days turn
into brownish
- Sometimes covered with white
powder
17 oktober 2012

22. Bemisia tabaci:
Larval stage
L1: - Crawler
- Oval, 0.25 mm
L2: -Transparent, 0.3 mm
L3: - = L2, 0.5 mm
L4/pop: - yellowish, irregulary shaped
-length: 0.8 mm – width: 0.6 mm
- no corona
- Morphological transform. ≈ pupa
(wings primordial + red eyes)
Empty pupa:
- T-shape insertion
17 oktober 2012

23. Bemisia tabaci:
Adult stage
- ♀: ≥ 1 mm
♂: ≤ 1 mm
- Just after hatching:
transparent wings + yellowish body
- After some hours:
poor covered with white wax powder;
yellow to cream colored body
- pre-oviposition period = 1 - 5 days
- Eggs each day = 10 (25°C)
- Life span ♀ = 15 – 50 days (*)
(*) depend on climate and crop condiction
17 oktober 2012

24. Differentiations
T. vaporariorum & B. tabaci
T. vaporariorum B. tabaci
Egg First 1 – 2 days white First yellowish green
Afterwards brownish - Afterwards brownish
black
L13 Very difficult to differentiate
Pupa
Irregularly shaped
Oval shaped
White, transparent, box Flattened, yellowish, transparent,
shaped with corona no corona
17 oktober 2012

25. Differentiations
T. vaporariorum & B. tabaci
T. vaporariorum B. tabaci
Adult
> B. tabaci < T. vaporariorum
More white wax powder Less white wax powder
production  white aspect production  yellowish aspect
17 oktober 2012

26. Host plant and development
Host plant Development (egg-adult) at
24°C
Eggplant 21.5
Cucumber 23
Tomato 24
Sweet pepper 27
17 oktober 2012

27. Host plant and
survival percentage
Host plant Number of eggs per female
Eggplant 364
Cucumber 158
Tomato 47
Sweet pepper 2.3
17 oktober 2012

28. White Fly Location
Apex
1 cluster
2-3 cluster
4-6 cluster
17 oktober 2012

29. White Fly: Direct Damage
• Suction of plant juices by
adult and larva:
Excretion of honeydew
Sooty mould development
(Capnodium spp.)
Reduction of photosynthesis
and evapo-transpiration
Debilitation and growth
inhibition
Esthetic damage
17 oktober 2012

30. White Fly: Direct Damage
• Physiological disorders:
Silver leaf symptom:
Silver discoloration of leaf, due to suction of palisade cells
of the upper epidermis.
Tomato Irregular Ripening (TIR):
Star shaped yellowish-gold discoloration on the lower side
of the fruit, afterward red and yellow stripes.
Local whitening (immature) of the pulp.
17 oktober 2012

31. White Fly: Indirect Damage
Virus transmission:
Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV)
Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV),
TYLCV
Tomato Infectious Chlorosis Virus (TICV),
Cucumber Yellow Stunting Disorder Virus (CYSDV),
Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus (CVYV),
Beet Pseudo Yellow Virus (BPYV)
Potato Yellow Mosaic Virus (PYMV)
17 oktober 2012 TICV / ToCV

32. White Fly: Natural Enemies
Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus eremicus
Macrolophus caliginosus
17 oktober 2012
Eretmocerus mundus PreFeRal

33. White Fly: Natural Enemies
Encarsia formosa:
• Parasitic wasp, specific against
T. vaporariorum
• Endo-parasite, prefers larvae of the 3rd
and 4th stages.
• After +/- 2 weeks of parasitism, the
larva obtains an obscure colour.
• After +/- 3-4 weeks of parasitism, a new
E. formosa hatches.
• Fecundity: 8-12/day
• Life cycle (egg  adult):
15°C: 52 days
18°C: 34 days
21°C: 26 days
24°C: 17 days
17 oktober 2012

34. White Fly: Natural Enemies
Eretmocerus sp.:
• Parasitic wasp
• E. eremicus, against
T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci
• E. mundus, specific against B. tabaci
• Ecto-parasites, prefer larvae of the
2nd and 3rd stages
• After +/- 2 weeks of parasitism, the
larva obtains a yellow – beige color.
•Fecundity: 10/day (E.e. T.v.)
5/day (E.e.  B.t.)
10-15/day (E.m  B.t.)
• Life cycle (egg  adult):
22°C: 20 days
17 oktober 2012

35. Parasitism by Eretmocerus
Mesitomes asymmetric
Lateral, empty spaces
Grayish eyes
17 oktober 2012

36. Differenciations
Encarsia formosa & Eretmocerus spp.
Encarsia formosa Eretmocerus spp.
Sex – ratio 100 % females 50 % females
50 % males
Adult Black Thorax Yellowish
Yellow Abdomen
Parasitism Endoparasite ectoparasite
(L3 – L4) (L2 – L3)
Parasitized Pupa Black Yellowish-brown
Chemical residu’s sensible Less sensible
Host Trialeurodes vaporariorum E.e.: Trialeurodes vaporariorum
E.m.:Bemisia tabaci
Temperature Resists better higher
17 oktober 2012 temperatures (30°C – 40°C)

37. White Fly: Natural Enemies
Macrolophus caliginosus
Nesidiocoris tenuis
•Predatory Mirid
•Polyphague, preference on whitefly eggs
and larvae, less on adults. Nymphs are
used also as a spider mite predator
•Macrolophus devours per day:
30-40 eggs, 15-20 pupae or 2-5 adults
•Survive also on plant sap
17 oktober 2012

38. White Fly: Natural Enemies
Macrolophus caliginosus
Egg Nymp Total Fecundit
h y
20 °C 18 29 47 270
25 °C 11 19 30 120
30 °C 10 18 28 90
Pre-oviposition = 3 days
Longitivity = 40-110 days
17 oktober 2012

39. Additional feeding
• Females can deposit eggs when on a diet of only plant
saps, but less
• Nymphs die without food of animal origin.
• After introduction give additional food for 2 weeks.
• 1 tube a week per ha
• 2 x a week additional feeding
• For approximately 6 weeks (presence whitefly)
17 oktober 2012

40. Leaf picking
• Leaf picking has also a negative effect on Macrolophus
(in particular in gutters)
• Eggs are deposited on older leaves
• Long egg stage
• Slow development to the adult stage
• Solution: locally no leaf picking
17 oktober 2012

41. Whitefly Control
Beneficial Organism Dosage Remarks
Encarsia formosa Preventive: 1.5/m²/2w
(Encarsia-System) Curative: 5-10/m²/w x5
Eretmocerus eremicus Preventive: 1.5/m²/2w
(Eretmocerus-System) Curative: 5-10/m²/w x5
Eretmocerus mundus Preventive: 1.5/m²/2w Specific for B. tabaci
(Mundus-System) Curative: 5-10/m²/w x5
Macrolophus Preventive: 0.5/m²/2w x2 Additional food source
caliginosus Curative: 1-5/m²/2w x2 In hot spots
(Macrolophus-System)
17 oktober 2012

42. Aphids
17 oktober 2012

43. Aphids
Aphis gossypii Macrosyphum euphorbiae
Myzus persicae
17 oktober 2012 Aulacorthum solani

44. Aphids
Damage
•Suction of juice:
 growth inhibition
 toxins:
deformation of foliar tissue
 virus transmission
•Production of honeydew:
 sooty mould
17 oktober 2012

45. Beneficial insects: Aphids
Aphidius ervi Aphidius colemani
Aphilinus abdominalis
17 oktober 2012 Aphidoletes aphidimyza

46. Aphids
Aphidius colemani:
• Parasitic wasp, specifically against Aphis gossypii and Myzus
persicae
• +/- 7 days after parasitization, the first mummies are observed
• Total fecundity: 300 eggs in the first 3 days
17 oktober 2012

47. Aphids
Aphidius ervi:
• Parasitic wasp specifically against Macrosiphum euphorbiae and
Aulacorthum solani
•+/- 7 days after parasitization, the first mummies are observed
17 oktober 2012

48. Hyper parasitism
•Hyperparasitism in the
summer and late
summer: Dendrocerus
carpenteri
•Irregular border
•Lid is missing
•Switch to Aphelinus
and Aphidoletes
17 oktober 2012

49. Aphids
Aphelinus abdominalis:
• Parasitic wasp, specifically against Macrosiphum euphorbiae
and Aulacorthum solani.
• +/- 7 days after parasitization, the first mummies are observed.
• Total fecundity: 200 eggs in the first 3 days.
17 oktober 2012

50. Aphids
Aphidoletes aphidimyza:
• Gall midge
• Omnivorous
• Feeds on all stages of aphids: 10-100/day
17 oktober 2012

51. Aphids
Aphidoletes aphidimyza
T (°C) Egg Larva Pupa Total
15 5 10 16 31
20 2.5 7 10 19.5
25 2 5 8 15
17 oktober 2012

52. Banker-System
• Grain pollen (banker plants)
• Winter barley
• Cereal aphids on monocotyledons
• On the substrate, along the aisle with a dropper
• Not between the crops (not enough light)
• ½ tube Aphidius or Aphidoletes (box with moist sand)
• 1 rearing tray a week per ha. (total: +/-10 per ha)
• Advantages compared to mummies: - continuous
production, preventive, labor saving, cheaper
17 oktober 2012

53. Aphids Control
Beneficial Organism Dosage Remaks
Aphidius ervi Preventive: 0.15/m²/w Macrosiphum and
(Ervi-System) Curative: 0.5/m²/w x5 Aulacorthum
Aphidius colemani Preventive: 0.15/m²/w Aphis gossypii
(Aphidius-System) Curative: 0.5/m²/w x5 and Myzus persicae
Aphelinus abdominalis Preventive: / Less mobile
(Aphelinus-System) Curative: 2-4/m²/2w x2 In hot spots
Aphidoletes Preventive: 1/m²/w x3
aphidimyza Curative: 10/m²/w x3 In hotspots
(Aphidoletes-System)
17 oktober 2012

54. Spider mite
Egg
Larva
Adult
Nymph
17 oktober 2012

55. Spider mite
120
-
-
Total fecundity
Fecundity
4
-
-
(egg / day)
33
15
7
Total
1.5
7
3
Deutonymph
5
2
1
Protonymph
1.5
7
3
Larva
14
7
3
Egg
15
20
30
Temperature (°C)
17 oktober 2012

56. Spider mite
Adult
Egg
Nymph
17 oktober 2012

57. Spider mite
Damage:
• Feeds on cells and vegetal sap
 reduction of photosynthesis
 a lot of necrosis
• Spider's web
•Dispersion: mechanical and webbing
17 oktober 2012

58. Hibernation
Climate condictions:
• High T° and Low RH
= fast development + more eggs
Hibernation:
• Females
• Day length becomes shorter
• Temperature
• Deterioration of the food supply
• In hidden places
• Less sensitive to chemical control
17 oktober 2012

59. Beneficial insects: Spider mite
Amblyseius californicus Phytoseiulus persimilis
17 oktober 2012
Feltiella acarisuga

60. Spider mite
Phytoseiulus persimilis: Amblyseius californicus:
• Predatory mite, all stages of • Predatory mite, all stages of
the prey the prey + pollen
• Devours daily • Devours daily +/- 5 adults,
+/- 5 adults, some larvae / eggs
o +/- 13 nymphs, • Development a little slower
o +/- 20 eggs • Resists better the high
• Very fast development: temperatures (35°C) and low
15°C: 20 days humidity.
20°C: 7 days
30°C: 4 days
17 oktober 2012

61. Spider mite
Feltiella acarisuga:
• Gall midge
• Larva feeds on all stages of the spider mite
• Consumes 5X more than P. persimilis
17 oktober 2012

62. Spider mite
Feltiella acarisuga:
Longevity
Fecundity
Larva
Total
Pupa
Egg
25 °C 2 7 7 16 3 100
17 oktober 2012

63. Spider mite Control
Beneficial Organism Dosage Remarks
Amblyseius californicus Preventive: 2/m²/3w Feed on pollen
(Californicus-System) Curative: 6/m²
Phytoseiulus persimilis Prevetive: 2/m²/3w
(Phytoseiulus-System) Curative: 6/m²
20/m²/w x2 In hot spots
Feltiella acarisuga Preventive: /
(Feltiella-System) Curative: 10-50/m²/w x4 In hot spots
17 oktober 2012

64. Thrips
egg
2 3
2
adult
3 4 3
4 nymph
1
pupa
25°C
17 oktober 2012

65. Frankliniella Thrips Echinothrips americanus
occidentalis tabaci
Colour:
Larva: yellow - orange yellow – light green light yellow
Adult: brown – orange grey - yellow - brown black
Size:
Larva: 0.5 – 1.3 mm 0.6 – 0.8 mm > F.o and T.t
Adult: 0.9 – 1.3 mm 0.8 – 1.0 mm 1.3 – 1.6 mm
Situation
Adult In the flowers, in the buttons and On the underside of the leaf, All stages are found in both sides
& Larva: in the top. nearby the nerves of the leaf. of the leaf.
Also on the leaves. On the whole plant. Lower part of the plant
Especially in the superior part of
the plant.
Pupa: In the ground In the ground
Egg: In the epidermis of the leaf In the epidermis of the leaf
Damage Feeding spots on the upper side of Feeding spots on the under side o Feeding spots on both sides of
the leaves and flowers the leaves. the leaves.
Deformation on leaves and
flowers.
Life cycle 20°C: 19 days 20°C: 20 days 20°C: 34 days
25°C: 11 – 15 days 25°C: 13 – 16 days 25°C: 15 days
17 oktober 2012

66. Thrips
Damage:
• Rasping-sucking mouth parts
• Suck cells dry
• Cells
• Silvery grey spots with black dots
• Epidermis tissue comes off parenchym tissue (filled
with air)
• Black dots are excrements.
17 oktober 2012

67. Damages Thrips
17 oktober 2012

68. Major danger
• TSWV (tomato spotted wilt virus)
• Can occur on 1200 plant species
• Transmitted by Frankliniella occidentalis and thrips
tabaci (obligate vector)
• Is absorbed via sap, multiplication in the intestine,
emission via saliva
• Measures: infected plants should be removed
• Thrips control
• Remove weeds near the greenhouse, especially
composites are host plants of thrips and the virus.
17 oktober 2012

69. 17 oktober 2012

70. Thrips
Beneficials:
Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius degenerans Orius sp.
17 oktober 2012

71. Orius
Thrips
Amblyseius cucumeris
Amblyseius swirskii
• Predatory mite
• Feeds on thrips larvae and
pollen
• Fast development:
15°C: 16 days
20°C: 11 days
30°C: 7 days
• Adult lives +/- 30
• Fecundity: 2/day
17 oktober 2012

72. Thrips
Amblyseius degenerans:
• Predatory mite
• Feeds on thrips larvae and pollen
• Development similar to A.cucumeris
17 oktober 2012

73. Thrips
T (°C) 15 20 25 30
Orius sp.: Egg 12 6.5 4.5 3
L1 9.5 4 3 2
• Predatory bug + killer
L2 6 3 2 1
• Feeds on thrips larvae
and pollen L3 6 3 2 1
L4 7 3.5 2 2
L5 14 7 4 3
Total 54.5 27 17.5 12
Fecundity 60 140 160 150
Longitivity 80 50 40 20
17 oktober 2012

74. 17 oktober 2012

75. 17 oktober 2012

76. Thrips Control
Beneficial Organism Dosage Remaks
Amblyseius cucumeris Preventive: 50/m²/2w
(Amblyseius-System) Curative: 100/m²/ 1-2w
(ABS-System) Preventive: 1 sachet/2.5m²/6w
or 1x inpollen rich
crops
Curative: 1 sachet/m²/4w
Amblyseius degenerans Preventive: 0.2/m² Pollen rich
(Degenerans-System) crops
Orius spp. Preventive: 0.5/m²/2w x2 Pollen rich
(Orius-System) Curative: 1-10/m²/1-2w crops
17 oktober 2012 In hot spots

77. Botrytis
17 oktober 2012

78. 17 oktober 2012

79. Botrytis
• Germination of spore needs moisture
• Dry wounds faster than spore can germinate: no
infection (dry wounds for the night regime)
• Until March only remove leaves before noon
• In the summer until 14h
• Do not remove leaves on cloudy rainy days
• Lower spore pressure: remove affected material
• Remove mould spots+ coat with wound dressing
17 oktober 2012

80. Nursing
17 oktober 2012

81. Scaniavital Silica
®
Wound dressing
17 oktober 2012

82. Action
• Clay paste with minerals and organic substances
• Dries quickly
• Completely covers the wound
17 oktober 2012

83. Action
• Prevents the dehydration of wounds after the
removal of old leaves or other stem damage
• Creates a physical barrier
 prevents further evaporation
 prevents penetration of dust and dirt
17 oktober 2012

84. Packaging
• 2 packages available
1. Squeeze-bottle
• Content 250 ml
• Apply with integrated brush
17 oktober 2012

85. Packaging (continuation)
2. Bucket
1. Content 1L
2. Apply with brush or plastic glove
17 oktober 2012

86. Application
• Spread over fresh wounds
• Apply evenly around the stem
• Cover the surface of the wound as well as a few cm
above and below the wound
17 oktober 2012

87. Virus and Bacteria
 Cause Disease
 Reduce Yields
 Affect Flower and Color
Quality
 Unmarketable
 Lost Revenue
17 oktober 2012

88. Symptoms
Lesions are localized spots that may be
chlorotic or necrotic.
Line patterns are a series of chlorotic lines or
patterns
Mosaic is a defined pattern of dark green/light
green areas
Mottle is a diffuse patterns of various shades of
green
17 oktober 2012
Ringspots are concentric ring patterns that
may be chlorotic or necrotic

89. ArMV in Hosta

90. Line Pattern in Bean

91. CMV in Anthurium

92. CbMV in Calibrachoa

93. PFBV/ToRSV in Geranium

94. Flashkit: Virus detection kit
Immunocromatography strip
17 oktober 2012
 Extraction bag

95. 15
minutes
17 oktober 2012

96. 17 oktober 2012

97. ●Acidovorax a. citrulli
●Arabis mosaic virus ●Pepino mosaic virus
●Calibrachoa mottle virus ●Potato virus Y
●Citrus tristeza virus ●Ralstonia solanaecearum
●Squash mosaic virus
●Clavibacter m. michiganensis ●Tobacco mosaic virus
●Cymbidium mosaic virus & ●Tomato spotted wilt virus
Odontoglossum ringspot virus ●Xanthomonas axonopodis
●Cucumber mosaic virus pv. Citri – Asiatic citrus canker
●Xanthomonas c. pv.pelargoni
●Hosta virus X
●Zucchini yellow mosaic virus
●Impatiens necrotic spot virus
17 oktober 2012

98. • QUESTIONS?
• THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
17 oktober 2012