2. 2
BREAST CANCER
Worldwide incidence in females*
*Incidence per 100,000 population.
Parkin DM, et al. CA Cancer J Clin. 1999;49:33-64.
67.4
36.0
28.6
71.7
21.2
25.0
31.5
25.5
86.3
Eastern
Europe
Japan
Australia/
New Zealand
South Central
Asia
Northern
Africa
Southern
Africa
Central
America
Western
Europe
North
America
4. 4
BREAST CANCER
Signs and symptoms at presentation
Mass or pain
in the axilla
Palpable mass
Thickening
Pain
Nipple discharge
Nipple retraction
Edema or erythema
of the skin
6. 6
BREAST CANCER
Diagnosis path
Evaluation
for
biopsy
Cyst
aspiration
Biopsy
•Excisional biopsy
•Core-cutting needle biopsy
•Fine-needle aspiration
Palpable
mass
Ductal
carcinoma
in situ
Invasive
cancer
Lobular
carcinoma
in situ
Benign
Insufficient
evaluation,
rebiopsy
If persistent,
short-term
follow-up
with surgeon
Continued
appropriate
screening
Cyst Normal
Nonpalpable
mass
Treatment Path
Needle
localization
12. 12
NSABP B-06:
Effect of Lumpectomy v. Mastectomy on Survival
DISTANTDISEASE-FREESURVIVAL(%)
Cohort A Cohort B Cohort C
Total Mastectomy: 692/265 569/233 494/192
Lumpectomy: 699/302 634/282 520/236
No. of patients / No. of recurrences
YEAR
Lumpectomy + XRT: 714/278 628/253 515/204
26. 26
What elements drive therapy
decision making ?
Prognosis
Treatment
efficacy
Treatment
toxicity
Co morbidity
27. 27
ER +
ER -
ER +
ER -
T1a (0-5 mm) T1b (6-10 mm) T1c (11-20 mm)
NCI
NCCN*)
St. Gallen
GUIDELINE RECOMMENDATION
FOR CHEMOTHERAPY FOR
STAGE I BREAST CANCER
Not Recommended Optional Recommended
*) NCCN = National Comprehensive Cancer Network
29. 29
The Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI)
Guideline Publication 2003
CONSENSUS
STATEMENTS
Early Detection Panel
Diagnosis Panel
Treatment Panel
30. 30
BHGI GLOBAL SUMMIT 2005:
Guideline Stratification
Breast J 2006;12 Suppl 1:S117-120
31. 31
History
Physical examination
Clinical breast examination
Surgical biopsy
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy
Diagnostic breast ultrasound +/-
diagnostic mammography
Plain chest radiography
Liver ultrasound
Blood chemistry profile / complete
blood count (CBC)
Maximal
Stereotactic biopsy HER-2/neu status
CT scanning, PET scan, MIBI scan,
breast MRI
Sentinel node biopsy
IHC staining of sentinel nodes
for cytokeratin to detect
micrometastases
Enhanced
Diagnostic mammography
Bone scan
On-site cytopathologist
Preoperative needle localization
under mammographic or ultrasound
guidance
Basic
Interpretation of biopsies
Cytology and/or pathology
report describing tumor size,
lymph node status, histologic
type, tumor grade
Limited
Determination and reporting of
ER and PR status
Determination and reporting of
margin status
Core needle biopsy
Image guided sampling
(ultrasounographic +/-
mammographic)
Level of
resources
Clinical Pathology Imaging and lab tests
Diagnosis
32. 32
Controversial Issues :
FNAC or Frozen Sections
5 or 10 years of HT
T and AI
Type of CT
Herceptin and others
Pre or post op CT
Ov ablation
Cases who do not need systemic treatment
43. 43
Magnitude of Breast Cancer in Egypt: 2025
Population size: 51 million females
Crude incidence rate: 55.1./100,000 females
Incidence: 14,000 28,000 breast cancer cases
Prevalence: 42,000 84,000 breast cancer cases
Magnitude of Breast Cancer in Egypt: 2050
Population size: 64 million females
Crude incidence rate: 68.8./100,000 females
Incidence: 14,000 44,000 breast cancer cases
Prevalence: 42,000 132,000 breast cancer cases
Projection of Magnitude of Breast Cancer
in Egypt: 2025, 2050
44. 44
Breast cancer T stage 1984 - 2006, Port Said, Egypt
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
84-1985 86-1988 94-1999 2004 2005 2006
T1 T2 T3 T4
SOURCE: Prof. Dr. Ahmed Elzawawy
47. 47
Clinico–Pathological Correlation
in Breast Cancer Cases
(2002)
Revision of the slides of 212 patients.
Only 16 patients had both clinical and pathological features
of IBC (8%)
Age distribution
4 patients 35 yrs or less
8 patients 45 yrs or less
8 patients More than 45 yrs
The youngest 25 yrs
The oldest 76 yrs
48. 48
More than 90% of IBC showed positive axillary nodes.
IBC’s are characterized by:
High histologic grade tumors with high
Nuclear grade, necrosis and high PCNA and MIB-
1(Ki-67) labeling indices.
ER & PgR are frequently negative.
p53 > 70% positivity.
HER-2/Neu > 60%.
Biologic profile
“ Immunphenotypic signature”
49. 49
Tumor emboli and LYVE-1 and RhoC expression in IBC tumors from
Egypt and the United States