1. Preparing and Building
Data Search

2. Taking Notes for Research
• Helps you read with more understanding, save
time and frustration.
• Know what kind of ideas you need to record or
exclude.
• Read with a purpose in mind.
• Sort out relevant ideas.
• First review common known facts in texts and
encyclopaedias.

3. continuation….
• Prepare list of sub-topics.
• Look for facts, theories and people’s opinion that
help answer your question.
• Don’t write too much notes
• Ensure your research paper be an expression of
your own thinking and not a patchwork of
borrowed ideas.
• Learn your sources and integrate them into your
own thinking.

4. Why do we take notes?
• To help us remember what we read.
• To keep a permanent record of it.
• To re-order ideas for generating
further.
• To help us to concentrate while
reading.
• To help others to learn from our notes

5. Before taking notes RATE the source
• Is this RELEVANT to my focus?
• On what AUTHORITY is this based?
• Have I already TAKEN this? What’s
new?
• Do I need EVERYTHING or just
part?

6. What is “good note taking”?
It includes:
- facts
- statistics
- paraphrases
- summaries
- personal ideas

8. Steps on Note Taking
1. Read entire section FIRST!

9. 2. Think about what you’ve read, what
you already know, & how to say it
another way.

10. 3. Shrink it down to a fraction of its
original size; use abbreviations,
bullets, phrases, etc.

11. 4. Re-word or PARAPHRASE only main
ideas, important facts, keywords, etc.

12. Note Taking helps you avoid
plagiarism
• Helps figure out which ideas are
original and from the research.
• Keeps ideas organized.
• Gives other people proper credit.
• Helps you cite the sources you use.

13. Strategies of Note
Taking

14. 1. Quoting
Quotations – must be identical to the
original. They must match the source
document word for word and must be
attributed to the original author.

15. Good Reasons to quote:
• Source author has made a point too clearly and
concisely that it can’t be expressed more clearly.
• A certain phrase or sentence in the source is
particularly vivid or striking.
• An important passage is sufficiently difficult, dense
or rich.
• A claim you are making is such that the doubting
reader will want to hear exactly what the source
said.

16. Rules for Quoting
• Quote only what you need or what is really
striking.
• Keep your quotations under a sentence whenever
possible.
• Usually announce a quotation in the words
preceding it.
• Choose your announcing verb carefully.
• Construct your own sentence so the quotation fits
smoothly into it.

17. Technical Rules for Using Quotes
• Don’t automatically put a comma
before a quotation.
• Punctuate the end of a quotation
embedded in your sentence with
whatever punctuation your sentence
requires.
• Quote verbatim.

18. 2. Paraphrasing
• Your own rendition of essential information and
ideas expressed by someone else, presented in
a new form.
• One legitimate way (when accompanied by
accurate documentation) to borrow from a
source.
• A more detailed restatement than a summary,
which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

19. Paraphrasing is a valuable
skill because…
• It is better than quoting information from
an undistinguished passage.
• It helps you control the temptation to
quote too much.
• The mental process required for successful
paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full
meaning of the original.

20. Steps in Effective Paraphrasing
• Reread the original passage until you
understand its full meaning.
• Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase
on a note card.
• Jot down a few words below your paraphrase
to remind you later how you envision using this
material. At the top of the note card, write a
key word or phrase to indicate the subject of
your paraphrase.

21. Continuation…
• Check your rendition with the original to make
sure that your version accurately expresses all the
essential information in a new form.
• Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or
phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the
source.
• Record the source (including the page) on your
note card so that you can credit it easily if you
decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

22. 3. Summarizing
A summary is much shorter than the
original text. It should communicate the
main idea of the text and the main
supporting points – written “in your own
words” – in a very brief form. It should
give someone who has not read the
original a clear and accurate overview of
the text.

23. To summary
• Record the author, title, year of publication and
source of the text.
• Skim the text.
• Read the text carefully.
• Pay special attention to the first and last
paragraphs.
• Identify the topic sentence in each paragraph.
• Identify the main support for the topic sentence.
• Write the topic sentence of your summary.

24. 4. Précis Writing
It is a process of extracting the maximum
information and then conveying it into
minimum of words. The goal is to
preserve the core essence of the original
report in a manner which is both clear
and concise.

25. Writing a précis
• A précis is a condensed restatement of an article,
roughly ¼ the length of the original or less.
• In contrast to a summary, a précis should preserve
the article’s logic and emphases, and include main
examples where relevant.
• A précis of a primary literature scientific paper
should follow the standard format:
background/hypothesis, methods, results, and
conclusion.

26. Continuation…
• The précis should be written from the original
author’s point of view, without editorializing.
• A précis demonstrates that you have
assimilated the key information provided in an
article.
• Précis can be used as “briefs”, but are also
very similar to the first section of manuscript
reviews for peer-reviewed journals.

27. Process in Writing Précis
• Identify the reader and purpose of the
précis.
• Read the original document’s
• Underline the key ideas and concepts
• Write a not-form summary of each
paragraph
• Write a précis
• Review and edit

28. Do’s and Don’ts of Précis Writing
• Start your précis by creating context (setting)
and stating the main idea of the pieces.
• Always state the name of the
article/document, the author and source.
• Do not use the word “in this article”.
• When writing about history, use the past
tense.
• Do not use abbreviations or contractors.

29. Continuation…
• Avoid words like big, good, bad, little and a
lot, also do not use cliché.
• Titles of texts should be put in italics or
underlined.
• Make sure there is a clear “impact to the
organization” mentioned.
• Give a recommendation required.
• Run a spell check.

30. Plagiarism

33. Plagiarism is:
• The act of stealing the ideas
and/or work of someone else
and passing them off as your
own.
• The act of committing
“literary theft.”

34. Plagiarism =

35. Two types of
Plagiarism

36. a. Intentional
• Copying a friend’s work
• Buying or borrowing papers
• Cutting and pasting blocks of text from
electronic sources without documenting
• Media “borrowing” without documentation
• Web publishing without permissions of
creators.

37. b. Unintentional
• Careless paraphrasing
• Poor documentation
• Quoting excessively
• Failure to use your own “voice”

38. How to avoid plagiarism?
• Plan well.
• Write down all sources.
• Read and take notes by paraphrasing and
summarizing. Never write directly from
sources.
• Use many sources and organize
information by subject.

39. Continuation…
• Whenever you use exact words, use
quotes and footnote.
• Don’t cut and paste from internet
sources. Try reading and minimizing.
• Try the paper folding method.

40. Why should we use the
strategies on note taking?
• Provide support for claims or add credibility
to your writing.
• Refer to work that leads up to the work you
are now doing.
• Give examples of several points of view on a
subject.
• Call attention to a position that you wish to
agree or disagree with.

41. Continuation…
• Highlight a particularly striking phrase,
sentence, or passage by quoting the
original.
• Distance yourself from the original by
quoting it in order to cue readers that the
words are not your own.
• Expand the breadth or depth of your
writing.

42. How to use them?
• Read the entire text, nothing the key points
and the main ideas.
• Summarize in your own words what the single
main idea of the essay is.
• Paraphrase important supporting points that
come up in the essay.
• Consider any words, phrases, or brief
passages that you believe should be quoted
directly.

43. Sources of Data

44. Citing your Sources
Citing sources make you and your
research project more creditable.
Having facts and figures to back up your
ideas makes them more believable and
makes you look like an expert.

45. Bibliography
It literally means “list of books”. It is a list
of all the materials that you used to
help you write a paper. This may
include books, articles, websites,
communication, television or radio
programs, film or video recordings, etc.

46. Why should you write a
Bibliography?
Anytime you use the words, ideas, data
or research of others, you must
acknowledge where you got that
information from. If you do not
acknowledge where you got the
information from, you may be accused
of plagiarism.

47. What should you include?
• Articles, Websites, books or other
research materials that you used to help
you write a paper.
• Names of people that you interviewed or
gave you help with your paper.
• Any other materials that you used to help
you with your paper including movies,
radio shows, TV shows, etc.

48. What should you not include?
You don’t have to include
common knowledge.

49. Citation Format
on how to write a
Bibliography

50. Books
Last name, First name. Title of book. Location:
Publisher, year.
Example:
Lipson, Charles. Doing Honest Work in College.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004

51. Article in a Magazine
Last name, First name. “Title of Article”. Title
of Magazine” day month year: pages
Example:
Weintraub, Arlene, and Laura Cohan. “A
thousand Year Plan for Nuclear Waste.”
Business Week 6 May 2002: 94 – 96.

52. Website, with author
Author(s). “Title.” Website. Edition or version.
Website Publisher, Date. Web. Date
accessed <link>
Example:
Stolley, Karl. “MLA Formatting and Style Guide.” The
OWL at Purdue. Purdue University Writing Lab, 10
May 2006.
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/Owl/resource/557101/>

53. Website, with no author
“Title”. Website, Date. Website Publisher. Date
accessed <link>
Example:
“Mr. Darcy.” Jane Custen Information Page. N.p.,
6 September 2000. Web.15 June 2002
<http://pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo.html>

54. Website, with corporate author
Corporate Author. “Title”. Website. Website
Publisher. Date accessed <link>
Example:
Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Fingerprint
Identification: An Overview.” FBI Website. US
Department of Justice, N.D. Web. 17 July 2009
<http://www.fbi.gov/hg/cjusd/ident.htm>

56. Slide Show Created By:
• Maryleigh P.
Castillo
• MS
MATHEMATI
CS
• mot_1204@yahoo.com