1. The Road to WWII
1919-1941

2. Treaty of Versailles-1919

4. Treaty of Versailles
• Territorial
• The following land was taken away from Germany :
• Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
• Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
• Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
• Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
• West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
• The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to
stay in Germany or not in a future referendum.
• The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
• Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk. Some of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania
and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received some of this land

5. Treaty of Versailles
• Military
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was
not allowed tanks
• Germany was not allowed an airforce
• Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no
submarines
• The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River
Rhine was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ). No
German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The
Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank
of the Rhine for 15 years.

6. Treaty of Versailles
• Financial
• The loss of vital industrial territory would be a
severe blow to Germany’s economy. Coal from the
Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital
economic loss.
• Germany had to pay $33 billion to the
Allies(GB/France).
• Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria
to form one superstate.

7. Treaty of Versailles
• General
• 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was
Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause".
• 2. Germany, as it was responsible for starting the war as stated in clause
231, was therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the
First World War. Therefore, they had to pay reparations, the bulk of
which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to
both countries by the war. The figure was eventually put at $33 billion .
• 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.

8. 1920’s/1930’s Peace Attempts

9. League of Nations
• What is it?
• What were it’s weaknesses?

10. League of Nations

11. Washington Naval Conference-1921

12. 4 Power Pact
• a treaty signed by the United States, Great
Britain, France and Japan at the Washington Naval
Conference in 1921.
• countries agreed to respect each others possessions
in the Pacific and not seek further territory

13. 5 Power Pact
• Signed by Great Britain, the United States,
Japan, France, and Italy
• Designed to prevent an arm’s race
• It limited the construction of battleships,
battle cruisers and aircraft carriers
• Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers or
submarines

14. 9 Power Pact
• Guaranteed Chinese independence and
upheld the Open Door Policy
• Signed by the United
States, Japan, China, France, Great
Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and
Portugal

15. Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Countries that signed agreed to not go to war to
settle disputes
• Afghanistan, Finland, Peru, Albania,
• Guatemala, Portugal, Austria, Hungary,
• Rumania, Bulgaria, Iceland, Russia, China
Latvia, Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes, Denmark, Lithuania, Siam,
• Dominican
Republic, Netherlands, Spain, Egypt, Nicaragua, Swe
den, Estonia,
• Norway, Turkey, Ethiopia, Panama, Cuba, Liberia

16. London Naval Conference-1931
• Concerned with the agreements reached in
Washington Naval
• The UK, the USA, France, Italy and Japan
attended
• The major change was in battleship
tonnage, altering the ratio between Britain, the
US and Japan from 5:5:3 to 10:10:7
• All five agreed to a five-year halt on capital ship
construction, tighter controls on submarine
warfare, and the continuation of limits on aircraft
carriers

17. Good Neighbor Policy-1933

18. Japanese Agression

19. Japan 1931-December 6, 1941

20. Japanese Invasion of Manchuria

21. Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
• What did this affair prove ?
1. The League could not enforce its authority.
2. A major power could get away with using force
3. An issue so far from Europe was not likely to attract
the support of the major European powers in the
League - Britain and France
4. Great Britain was more concerned with it’s territories
in the Far East than in the maintenance of law and
order.
5. Other powers would see this as a sign that they too
could get away with the use of force
6. The League also lost its most powerful member in the
Far East(Japan) and Japan eventually united with the
two other nations that broke League rules - Germany
and Italy.

22. China Incident-1937

23. Rape of Nanking
• Mass murder and mass rape committed by
Japanese troops against the Chinese at
Nanking, China
• 40,000-300,000 killed
• Tens of thousands of people raped-
women, children, infants and elderly

26. Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
• The USSR and Japan signed an agreement to
not fight one another in April, 1941
• Japan considered breaking this once
Germany(their ally) invaded the USSR in
June, 1941, but did not
• The USSR broke this treaty when they
declared war on Japan in August 9, 1945

27. Hitler/German Aggression 1933-1939

28. Hitler/German Aggression 1933-August 1939
• Drops out of the League of Nations-1933
• Builds up the German military-1934
• Rearms the Rhineland-1935
• Along with Mussolini, helped Spanish Fascist
leader Francisco Franco win the Spanish Civil
War-1936-1939
• Allied with Mussolini/Italy(Rome-Berlin Axis-
1936) and eventually Japan(1940)
• Takes over all of Czechoslovakia-March 1939
• Signed the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact-
August 1939

29. Anschluss with Austria-1938

31. Sudetenland/Munich Conference-1938

32. Munich Conference
• Neville Chamberlain-Great Britain
• Adolf Hitler-Germany
• Benito Mussolini-Italy
• Edouard Daladier-France
• Hitler was given the Sudetenland area of
Czechoslovakia—Policy of Appeasment
• In return, Hitler promised he was done taking land

33. Munich Conference
Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”

34. Winston Churchill-Opposed Appeasment

35. Benito Mussolini/Italian Aggression-Pre-
WWII

36. Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini 1936
• Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa at the
1896 Battle of Adua
• one of the worst colonial disasters of modern
history
• Feb. 23, 1935, Italy sends large forces into
Ethiopia
• Oct. 7, 1935, League declared Italy the
aggressor

38. Italy/Ethiopia Invasion
• Nov. 18 , 1935, Leagues sanctions begin
-arms embargo, financial embargo, non-importation of Italian
goods
• Feb. 1936 - League could not agree on critical oil sanctions mainly because
FDR refused - U.S. controlled 50% world oil trade
• Feb. 29, 1936, FDR signed the 1936 Neutrality Act
1. mandatory arms embargo with warring nations 2.
mandatory ban on loans to warring nations
• May 5 - Italy occupied Addis Ababa - annexed all Ethiopia May 9

39. Other Italian Aggression
• Dropped out of League of Nations-1935
• Allied with Hitler-Rome(Berlin Axis-1936)-and
eventually Japan(1940)
• Along with Hitler, helped Spanish Fascist
leader Francisco Franco win the Spanish Civil
War-1936-1939
• Annexed Albania in 1939

40. Rome-Berlin Axis

41. Generalisimo Francisco Franco and the
Spanish Civil War

42. US Neutrality??
• Neutrality Act of 1935-stop trading with
countries at war
• Neutrality Act of 1936-stop loaning money to
countries at war
• Neutrality Act of 1937-Cash and Carry System-
weapons not included
• Neutrality Act of 1939-Cash and Carry System-
weapons included

43. America First Committee

47. Quarantine Speech-1937

48. Panay Incident-1937

49. Bases for Destroyers-1940
• Great Britain gave us 99 year leases
on the following bases:
• Antigua - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane Base
British Guiana - Naval Air Station, Sea
Plane Base
Jamaica - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
Base
St. Lucia - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
Base
Bermuda - Naval Air Station, Sea Plane
Base
Newfoundland - Three Army Air Force
Bases (Pepperell, Goose Bay and
Stephenville), Naval Operating Base
Argentia and numerous Marine and Army
Bases and Detachments,
88 in total
Trinidad - Naval Operating Base, Naval Air
Station, Sea Plane Base, Lighter Than Air
(Blimp) Base and Radio Station
• US gave Great Britain
old destroyers:

50. Selective Training and Service Act
• United States starts drafting 21-35 year olds
• Passed in 1940
• First peacetime draft in US History

51. FDR Signs the Lend-Lease Act-March 1941

54. Atlantic Charter

55. • THE ATLANTIC CHARTER-FDR/Churchill
• Spring 1941
• No territorial gain
• No territorial changes without the peoples support
form those countries
• Self-determination
• Free trade
• Destruction of the Nazis and then setting up a
peaceful governmet in Germany
• Freedom of the seas
• Abandon the use of force, disarmament and a
stronger League of Nation

56. US vs. Japan
• US stopped trading many items with Japan in
1940 after Japan invaded French Indochina
• US stopped trading oil with Japan in July, 1941