Vietnam

1. The Vietnam Conflict
1950-1975

2. • What do you know about the Vietnam War?
• What were the goals of the United States in this
war?
• What was the goal of the communist North
Vietnamese?

3. The French Connection
• France had gained control of Indochina in a series of
colonial wars beginning in the 1840s and lasting until
the 1880s.
• During World War II, Vichy France had collaborated
with the occupying Imperial Japanese forces.
• Vietnam was under Japanese control during WWII,
although the Vichy French continued to serve as the
official administrators.
• After the Japanese surrender, the French fought to
retain control of their former colony against the Viet
Minh independence movement, led by Communist
Party leader Ho Chi Minh.
• After the Viet Minh defeated the French colonial army
at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, the French
withdrew, and the colony was granted independence.

5. Ho Chi Minh

6. Dien Bien Phu

7. French Withdraw/Viet Minh
Celebrate

8. Geneva Conference-1954
• Vietnam was partitioned temporarily into a
Northern and a Southern zone of Viet-
Nam at the 17th
parallel.
• The North was to be ruled by Ho Chi Minh,
while the South would be under the control
of Emperor Bao Dai.
• In 1955, Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem
became President of a new South
Vietnamese republic.

9. Ho Chi Minh, Bao Dai and Ngo Dinh Diem

10. North and South Vietnam

11. Geneva Conference
• The Geneva Conference (1954) set up
elections to unify the country by July, 1956.
• Such elections were never held because
neither side wanted to lose.

12. Who Fought?
• The United States Armed Forces
• The Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN
—the South Vietnamese Army)
• The NLF, a group of South Vietnamese guerilla
fighters(Vietcong)
• The People's Army of Viet Nam (PAVN—the
North Vietnamese Army, pronounced Pahvin)

13. Escalation 1957-1975
• Under escalation, U.S. involvement increased
over a period of years. Started with the
deployment of non-combatant military advisors
to the South Vietnamese army.
• Then started using special forces(Green
Berets) for commando-style operations.
• Use of regular troops whose purpose was to be
defensive only.
• Use of regular troops in offensive combat.
• Once U.S. troops were in active combat,
escalation shifted to the adding of more US
troops. (Overhead)

15. Kennedy and Vietnam
• Kennedy strongly believed that if South Vietnam was a
stable and democratic country, it would keep communism
out.
• Aid to the South was often made on the condition that the
government would undertake certain political reforms.
• Soon, US Government advisors were playing a prominent
role in every level of South Vietnam's government.
• South Vietnamese President Diem did not work well with
the US.
• He would often go through the motions of these US-
prescribed reforms, but ended up embarrassing the US.
• Diem did not believe that US ideas of democracy were
suited for his government.
• With possible CIA backing, Diem was overthrown by the
SV military and killed due to his actions and beliefs.

16. Diem vs. the Buddhists
•

17. Johnson and Vietnam• President Johnson had some doubts about whether the US should be
in Vietnam, as shown in the following excerpts from a taped telephone
conversation he had with his National Security Advisor, McGeorge
Bundy on May 27, 1964.
• Johnson: I'll tell you the more that I stayed awake last night thinking of
this thing, the more I think of it, I don't know what in the hell - it looks
like to me we're getting into another Korea. It just worries the hell out
of me. I don't see what we can ever hope to get out of there with, once
we're committed. I believe that the Chinese Communists are coming
into it. I don't think we can fight them ten thousand miles from home....
I don't think it's worth fighting for and I don't think we can get out. It's
just the biggest damned mess that I ever saw.
• Bundy: It is. It's an awful mess.
• Johnson: And we just got to think about - I was looking at this sergeant of
mine this morning... and I just thought about ordering his kids in there and
what in the hell am I ordering him out there for? What the hell is Vietnam worth
to me? What is Laos worth to me? What is it worth to this country? Now we've
got a treaty but, hell, everybody else's got a treaty out there and they're not
doing anything about it. Of course if you start running from the Communists,
they may just chase you right into your own kitchen.
• Bundy: Yeah, that's the trouble. And that is what the rest of that half of the
world is going to think if this thing comes apart on us. That's the dilemma.

19. • During the 1964 Presidential
campaign Johnson promised that “We
are not about to send American boys
nine or ten thousand miles away from
home to do what Asian boys ought to
be doing for themselves”.

21. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Several US ships were supposedly
attacked by North Vietnamese torpedoes
in the Gulf of Tonkin.

23. • On August 7, 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution giving President Johnson the power
…'to take all necessary measures to repel any armed
attack against the forces of the United States and to
prevent further aggression' and ...'to take all
necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to
assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast
Asia Collective Treaty requesting assistance in
defense of its freedom'.
• Only two people in Congress voted against it.

24. • President Johnson and General William
Westmoreland kept saying that with more troops we
will win the war.
• Most Americans tended to believe this at first.
• The American public's faith was shattered, on January
30, 1968, when the enemy, supposedly on the verge
of collapse, mounted the Tet Offensive in which nearly
every major city in South Vietnam was attacked.
• Named after the lunar new year festival which is the
most important Vietnamese holiday in South Vietnam.
• Although we crushed the enemy militarily, the
surprising huge offensive attack from an enemy that
was supposedly almost defeated convinced many
Americans that victory was impossible.

26. General William Westmoreland

27. Losses during Tet Offensive
Country/Force Killed Wounded Missing
US, Korea, Australia 1,536 7,764 11
South Viet Nam 2,788 8,299 587
North Viet Nam and Viet
Cong
45,000 not known not
known
Civilian 14,000 24,000 630,000
homeless

28. • There was an increasing belief among people
that the government was misleading the
American people about a war
• When General Westmoreland called for still more
troops to be sent to Vietnam after the Tet
Offensive, more and more people started
protesting.
• The support of the government and war effort
suffered even more when the New York Times
published the Pentagon Papers.
• It was a top-secret historical study about the war,
that showed how the government was
misleading the US public in all stages of the war.

31. Operation Rolling Thunder
• Operation Rolling Thunder
was the code name for the
non-stop bombing raids in
North Vietnam conducted by
the United States armed
forces.
• Its purpose was to destroy
the will of the North
Vietnamese to fight, to
destroy industrial bases and
air defenses and to stop the
flow of men and supplies
down the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
• Was not successful in
destroying the will of the
North.

32. Anti-War
• Why were so many people against the war?
1. Tet Offensive
2. Pentagon Papers
3. Injuring/killing innocent people(My Lai
Massacre)
4. Supporting a bad government in South
5. The power of the press

33. Napalm Attack

37. “Hanoi Jane” Fonda and John
Kerry

38. Fonda’s Radio Hanoi Speech
John Kerry’s Senate Speech
• Jane Fonda
• John Kerry(34m)

39. Kent St.

40. My Lai Massacre March 1968
• US soldiers killed 504
Vietnamese
civilians.
• The dead civilians
included fifty age 3
or younger, 69
between 4 and 7,
and 27 in their 70s
or 80s.
• Women were raped
and bodies
mutilated.

41. My Lai Massacre March 1968

42. How did people get out of
serving?
1. Went to Canada or Sweden
2. Went to college(student deferment)
3. Got married
4. Medically unfit for service
5. Joined the National Guard or Peace
Corps
6. Claimed to be homosexual
7. Being rich

43. Nixon and Vietnam
• Nixon called for the “vietnamization” of the
war.
• “Peace with Honor”
• Gradually pull US troops out and train the
ARVN to take our place in fighting the
North.
• Expanded the war into Laos and
Cambodia leading to college
protests(Kent St.)

44. • On January 15, 1973, President Nixon
announced the suspension of offensive action
in North Vietnam.
• The Paris Peace Accords were later signed
on January 27, 1973 which officially ended
US involvement in the Vietnam conflict.
1. Fighting stopped
2. US would pull out of Vietnam
3. North and South Vietnam would recognize each
other’s independence

45. Peace???
• The peace agreement did not last.
• In March, 1975, the North invaded the South.
• The South was not strong enough and fell quickly.
• Saigon, the South’s capital fell on April 30, 1975.
• US did not live up to it’s promise to come to their aid if
the North attacked.
• North Vietnam united both North and South Vietnam
on July 2, 1976 to form the Socialist Republic of
Vietnam.
• Saigon was re-named Ho Chi Minh City in honor of the
former president of North Vietnam.
• Vietnam is still communist today.

47. Vietnam Deaths
• US: 58,202
• ARVN: 223,748
• NVA/VC: 1,100,000

48. War Powers Act
1973
• Limits the power of the President of the US to
wage war without the approval of the Congress.
• It requires the President to consult with
Congress prior to the start of any hostilities as
well as regularly until U.S. armed forces are no
longer engaged in hostilities.
• President must remove U.S. armed forces from
hostilities if Congress has not declared war or
passed a resolution authorizing the use of force
within 60 days.

49. Vietnam Remembered
• Vets were not treated
well upon their return
to the US.
• The Vietnam
Veteran’s
Memorial(The Wall)
was built as a
remembrance to
those that died in the
Vietnam War.

57. Importance of Helicopters

58. Battle of Khe Sanh

65. US Navy Seal

68. Raquel Welch Entertains

85. Napalm

86. Agent Orange

94. fe of type that would be carried Flashlight Colt .45 Auto Smith & Wesson
Tunnel Rat Weapons