12. Figure 12.5-1
Chromosomal
Chromosomes DNA molecules
1 Centromere
Chromosome
arm
13. Figure 12.5-2
Chromosomal
Chromosomes DNA molecules
1 Centromere
Chromosome
arm
Chromosome duplication
(including DNA replication)
and condensation
2
Sister
chromatids
14. Figure 12.5-3
Chromosomal
Chromosomes DNA molecules
1 Centromere
Chromosome
arm
Chromosome duplication
(including DNA replication)
and condensation
2
Sister
chromatids
Separation of sister
chromatids into
two chromosomes
3
30. Figure 12.9
EXPERIMENT
Kinetochore
Spindle
pole
Mark
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
Chromosome
movement
Microtubule Kinetochore
Motor protein Tubulin
subunits
Chromosome
31. Figure 12.9a
EXPERIMENT
Kinetochore
Spindle
pole
Mark
RESULTS
32. Figure 12.9b
CONCLUSION
Chromosome
movement
Microtubule Kinetochore
Motor protein Tubulin
subunits
Chromosome
50. Figure 12.14
EXPERIMENT
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
S G1 M G1
RESULTS
S S M M
When a cell in the S When a cell in the
phase was fused M phase was fused with
with a cell in G1, a cell in G1, the G1
the G1 nucleus nucleus immediately
immediately entered began mitosis—a spindle
the S phase—DNA formed and chromatin
was synthesized. condensed, even though
the chromosome had not
been duplicated.
56. Figure 12.17
M G1 S G2 M G1 S G2 M G1
MPF activity
Cyclin
concentration
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
1
S
G
Cdk
M
Degraded
2
G
cyclin G2 Cdk
Cyclin is checkpoint
degraded
Cyclin
MPF
(b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle
57. Figure 12.17a
M G1 S G 2 M G1 S G2 M G1
MPF activity
Cyclin
concentration
Time
(a) Fluctuation of MPF activity and cyclin concentration
during the cell cycle
58. Figure 12.17b
1
S
G
Cdk
M
Degraded G2
cyclin G2 Cdk
Cyclin is checkpoint
degraded
MPF Cyclin
(b) Molecular mechanisms that help regulate the cell cycle
60. Figure 12.18
1 A sample of human Scalpels
connective tissue is
cut up into small
pieces.
Petri
dish
2 Enzymes digest
the extracellular
matrix, resulting in
a suspension of
free fibroblasts.
4 PDGF is added 10 µm
3 Cells are transferred to to half the
culture vessels. vessels.
Without PDGF With PDGF
65. Figure 12.20
Lymph
vessel
Tumor
Blood
vessel
Glandular Cancer
tissue cell
Metastatic
tumor
1 A tumor grows 2 Cancer 3 Cancer cells spread 4 Cancer cells
from a single cells invade through lymph and may survive
cancer cell. neighboring blood vessels to and establish
tissue. other parts of the a new tumor
body. in another part
of the body.