Cloud Computing Adoption and the Impact of Information Security

Running Head: Cloud Computing and the Impact of Information Security on its Adoption

Cloud Computing Adoption and the Impact of Information Security
Term Paper

Belinda Edwards
IMAT 670: Contemporary Topics in Informatics
University of Maryland University College
7 November 2011

Cloud Computing and the Impact of Information Security on its Adoption 2

Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Cloud Computing ........................................................................................................................ 5
Competitive Industry Structure ....................................................................................................... 6
Threat of New Entrants ............................................................................................................... 6
Intensity of Rivalry ..................................................................................................................... 6
Bargaining Power of Buyers ....................................................................................................... 7
Bargaining Power of Suppliers ................................................................................................... 7
Threat of Substitutes ................................................................................................................... 7
Dominate Characteristics ............................................................................................................ 8
Internal Factors ............................................................................................................................... 8
Internal Strengths ........................................................................................................................ 8
Economic Considerations. ...................................................................................................... 8
Brand. ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Centralized Infrastructure. .................................................................................................... 10
Internal Weaknesses.................................................................................................................. 11
Uniform Measurements ........................................................................................................ 11
Regulations ........................................................................................................................... 11
Network Dependence ............................................................................................................ 12
Loss of Technical Talent ....................................................................................................... 12
External Factors ............................................................................................................................ 13
External Opportunities .............................................................................................................. 13
Collaboration towards Cloud Standards. .............................................................................. 13
Improved Governance ........................................................................................................... 13
Uniform Performance Metrics .............................................................................................. 14
External Threats ........................................................................................................................ 14
Economic crisis ..................................................................................................................... 14
Centralization ........................................................................................................................ 15
Strategic Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 16
Internal Audit ............................................................................................................................ 16
Strengths ............................................................................................................................... 16


Weaknesses ........................................................................................................................... 16
External Audit ........................................................................................................................... 17
Opportunities......................................................................................................................... 17
Threats................................................................................................................................... 17
Recommendation .......................................................................................................................... 18
Specific Annual Objectives and Policies .................................................................................. 18
Policy Development .............................................................................................................. 18
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 19
References ..................................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 1: Cloud Deployment Models ........................................................................................... 10
Figure 2: Information Security Adoption Cycle ........................................................................... 19


Abstract
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines cloud computing as a

“model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable

computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be

rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider

interaction” (NIST SP 800-145). The combination of the demand for increased bandwidth along

with the mandate to reduce information technology (IT) costs has led most businesses to look

towards cloud computing as a means to provide the flexibility and responsiveness required to

meet business and customer needs.

Cloud computing, however, does not come without its detractors. Most barriers towards

cloud adoption include concerns over information security, access management, the lack of

vendor compatibility, and most importantly trust. Various, distinct security regulations exist for

which businesses are responsible. A consistentstandards and governance approach, along with

flexible acquisition procedures, and a comprehensive certification and accreditation methodology

is requiredforglobal adaptation. Financial incentives may also aid cloud adherencein developing

countries.

This case study was based on the analysis of information that was collected from

academic and industry articles and journals. Using this information, the author was able to

recommend strategies for theconsistent application of information security standards within the

cloud computingenvironment.


Introduction
Cloud Computing

Cloud computing was initially introduced as a method towards cost effectiveness by

sharing software and hardware resources within an enterprise or an industry. Cloud computing is

considered a utility; available for use without requiring knowledge of its source location. The

perspective is that of a centralized location from which a customer can dynamically manage

resources (or services) that are reliable, scalable, and agile. The terms cloud computing and

virtualization are interchangeable.

Cloud computing provides a centralized delivery mechanism that consists of multiple,

independent layers, from which the customer can choose. Those layers are commonly

considered: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a

service (SaaS), respectively. IaaS provides the lowest level of support, specifically network and

storage access. PaaS delivers the operating system (i.e. Windows 7) to the customer. Lastly,

SaaS provides software applications (i.e. Word) to the customer. All these services are

accessible at a minimal cost to the user.

Concerns over cloud security continue to grow. The centralization of services and more

importantly, the transition of control over to service providers has created unease in the technical

community and has limited adoption. The public and private sectors must collaborate on

industry standards and governance policies specific to data access, identity management,

encryption tools for data transport and storage, as well as privacy and compliance.


Competitive Industry Structure
Threat of New Entrants

Cloud computing limits entrance barriers, thereby increasing the threat new entrants have

on a market. The global economic downturn has caused corporations to focus on information

technology (IT) fiscal responsibility and cost containment. Cloud providers present a solution

which can be utilized by the hour or the event, thus eliminating the significant IT investment

previously necessary for entrance into the industry. Entrants with limited cash reserves, but

knowledgeable of business, industry, and technology can make a positive impact on anybusiness.

Cloud computing offers new entrants the ability to connect and collaborate with sponsors to

obtain enterprise certification, thus reducing time to market. It is no longer necessary for new

entrants to be experienced players, but rather they require an innovative solution that is platform

and industry agnostic. Cloud computing places the threat of new entrants very high.

Intensity of Rivalry

The intensity of rivalry is very medium. Although cloud computing offers a centralized

environment from which to access platform, infrastructure, and software services, the lack of

trust of cloud service providers initially limits the intensity of rivalry. Cloud standards and

governance must be refined to address the security risks presented by cloud computing. Once

global consensus is obtained, rivalry will increase to the benefit of the consumer. Cloud

computing participants are primarily focused on acquisition, evaluation, and access controls

which limit unauthorized access and data loss.


Bargaining Power of Buyers

The bargaining power of buyers remains high. Cloud providers can offer solutions for as

little as $0.10 to $1.00 an hour to rent additional servers (Choo, 2010). Federal customers can

utilize economies of scale to negotiate dynamic allocation of resourcing. It is estimated that the

cloud computing market will grow to $160B by years’ end (Chow, R., Golle, P., Jakobsson, M.,

Masuoka, R., Molina, J., Shi, E., & Staddon, J., 2009).

Bargaining Power of Suppliers

The bargaining power of suppliers is currently low, but will increase over time. Cloud

providers understand the existence of an untapped market just ripe for expansion, but are also

aware of customers’ concerns over security. Cloud providers have volunteered to submit to

extensive testing and evaluation to become initial members of a list of government-vetted

solution providers. This strategic move could offer access to an anticipated US government

market worth $15 million (Kundra, 2010). Suppliers will benefit from agency sponsorship. This

collaboration will illustrate provider ability to rapidly adjust to customer demand and could

extend collaborative efforts beyond the federal government into state and local and possibly the

international market.

Threat of Substitutes

The threat of substitutes is currently low. Customers are concerned over the security

risks vendor lock-in may present. As cloud computing industry standards continue to evolve,

customers are concerned there may be a lack of backward compatibility with regards to cloud

access, data encryption, transportation, and storage. The lack of industry maturity significantly

reduces the threat of substitutes; however, this will change as best practices are applied.


Dominate Characteristics
The analysis below provides a detailed evaluation of internal and external factors

affecting cloud computing; information security is an overarching aspect. The subsequent

Strengths – Weaknesses – Opportunities – Threats (SWOT) analysis illustrates key internal

strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats (David, 2009, p. 192).

This analysis was used to address cloud computing strategic planning of product development

and improved customer engagement which will hopefully lead to increased competitive

advantage. Information for this SWOT matrix was derived from both academic and industry

periodicals found on the topic.

Internal Factors
Internal Strengths
Economic Considerations.
Service demand, improving customer engagement, and varying regulations impact

business IT infrastructure. The juxtaposition of financial reduction and improved technical

efficiencies has led organizations to embrace the potentials of cloud computing. Cloud

computing proposes a “fee for service” approach that presents businesses and developing

countries with the services, software, and tools necessary for market entrance into a new industry

or the equipment necessary to sustain threats from rivals, suppliers, or substitutes.

Cloud computing is seen as offering significant economic savings. The first federal CIO

anticipated a 30% or $20 billion reduction in federal IT data center infrastructure expenditures by

2015, and projects those funds would be “reinvested in agency missions, including citizen-facing

services and inventing and deploying new innovations” (Kundra, 2011, p. 7). As with any

outsourcing contract, economic improvements are garnered by the thorough analysis of business


need and service availability. Cloud computing does reduce large infrastructure investments,

provides emphasis on agility and allows for hardware and software efficiency (pay for use).

Brand.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) “has identified five essential

characteristics of cloud computing: on-demand service, broad network access, resource pooling,

rapid elasticity, and measured service” (NIST, 2011). As global competition increases,

organizations will escalate cloud adoption as a method of quickly bringing products to their

niche and developing customer bases. Cloud providers offer their customers the ability to

rapidly adjust their IT infrastructure to changes in consumer demand without the financial as

well as operations and maintenance responsibilities. Cloud computing is becoming synonymous

with IT financial efficiencies; however businesses must perform an internal assessment of their

processes and needs to best obtain the efficiencies cloud brings to bear. The NIST service model

below illustrates the breath of cloud service offerings available.

Table 1: Cloud Service Models
Service Models Description
Capability provided to the consumer is to provision
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental
computing resources where the consumer is able to
Infrastructure as a deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include
Service (IaaS) operating systems and applications.
Capability provided to the consumer is the ability to
deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-
created or acquired applications created using
Platform as a programming languages and tools supported by the
Service (PaaS) provider
Capability provided to the consumer is to use the
Software as a provider’s applications running on a cloud
Service (SaaS) infrastructure


Centralized Infrastructure.
Cloud computing provides a central area from which the customer can access platforms

and software services. These models provide a centralized foundation from which security risks

and software version controls will be managed, and information access and regulation

compliance will be monitored, all while providing customers uniform product offerings at a

reduced financial cost. Most importantly, increased innovation is had through centralization, as

it reduces IT investment costs that serve as barriers to market entry. Lastly, business continuity

planning (BCP) programs benefit from centralization, as mission critical applications and data

are maintained in a single location.

There are four deployment models used to facilitate cloud services, the NIST description

for these models are listed below.

Figure 1: Cloud Deployment Models


Internal Weaknesses
Uniform Measurements
Metrics used to evaluate cloud providers are not consist throughout the industry and vary

depending upon country and business regulations. Unfortunately, expectations are dependent

upon business need and vary accordingly. Initiatives such as the Carnegie Mellon University

Cloud Services Measurement Initiative Consortium (CSMIC), the Distributed Management Task

Force’s (DMTF) Cloud Management working group, and the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)

will serve as the basis to address standard cloud performance metrics (TechAmerica, CLOUD2,

2011).

Service level agreements (SLA) must also be established between the customer and cloud

provider as a technique to define procedures to be taken during service unavailability. The SLA

can also be used to establish metrics to aid cloud providers in securing the environment. These

metrics should outline how data is transmitted; the encryption methods used during data

transport, storage, and access; regulatory compliance activities; disaster recovery procedures, and

an outline detailing steps to recollect data should something happen (bankruptcy, acquisition).

Regulations
Cloud computing allows for access mobility, meaning the customer does not require

knowledge of the location of stored services and information to utilize the information.

However, cloud providers have established data centers in various global locations to address

regulations specific to that region. Businesses may have separate security controls to address

individual regulations and expect cloud providers to segment data accordingly. Global standards

such as Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT), International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001, and Information Technology Infrastructure

Library (ITIL), have been used to meet multiple regulatory and governance requirements with a


single set of controls and to lower costs (Wagner, 2011). Combined with cloud services, costs are

further reduced as the enterprise can take advantage of finalized products, thus lessening the

compliance cycle.

Network Dependence
The largest weakness to cloud computing is its dependence upon a robust network to

connect providers and customers. Little can be done should the network be unavailable.

Increased dependence upon mobile products has stretched the current IP network. Globally, the

adoption of IPv6 is underway to address current network limitations; however this will not

address the needs of individuals and organizations within disparate lands. Wagner quotes

Naughton as saying, “If we are betting our futures on the network being thecomputer, we ought

to be sure that it can stand thestrain” (Wagner, 2009). Customers may utilize the private cloud,

at an increased cost, as a method to sustain network reliability; another option may be

“disconnected use” of services to continue processing (NIST, 800-146).

Loss of Technical Talent
As businesses embrace cloud computing, some have also outsourced their technical staff;

this is a mistake. Technical expertise is required to properly analyze vendor contracts and assess

cloud performance. Business must invest in its talent pool to maintain the expertise and

knowledge in preparation for the next innovative solution. Skilled program managers are

necessary to “establishingintegrated, multi-disciplinary program teams” with key skills before

beginning major IT programs, (Kundra, 2010).


External Factors

External Opportunities
Collaboration towards Cloud Standards.
Cloud computing services are designed to reduce cost and promote reuse. Industry and

government must collaborate to define best practices necessary for international and domestic

cloud adoption. Standards must address concerns towards information security, privacy,

transparency, and accountability with respect todelivering trusted cloud computing services”

(TechAmerica, 2011). They should also address metrics for vendor accreditation and systems

interoperability, all while fostering vendor competition for increased efficiency.

Cloud computing standards will continue to be refined over time, to address industry

uniqueness and modified regulations. This refinement will (1) produce a global approach to

cybersecurity that recognizes the global nature ofinterconnected systems, (2) provide for data

protection regardless of location,and (3) evade fragmented, unpredictablenational requirements

(SIIA, 2011).

Improved Governance
Governance encompasses risk management, legal discovery, auditing, compliance,

information lifecycle management, data portability and systems interoperability (CSA, 2009).

Governance is applicable regardless of service or deployment model and should be flexible to

address specific industry requirements. The government structure, aligned with cloud industry

standards, should combat current gaps in security. CIO Magazine held a survey of industry

leaders to illustrate concerns over information security; only 48 percent actuallybelieved

information security has improved” (Brenner, 2009).

Established governance should define roles and responsibilities necessary for compliance

with domestic and international regulations; address success metrics (i.e. performance and


service availability); outline access controls and identity management methods; detail incident

management and business continuity procedures; and offer testing guidelines. Cloud security is

pertinent to its success; it provides a foundation for collaboration and is forecast to provide

exponentialbenefits to everyone involved. A combined approach to governance will glean

lessons learned throughout the country and industry thus aiding in the development of effective

centralized services.

Uniform Performance Metrics
The development of key performance indicator (KPI)metrics will aid in building trust

between cloud customers and providers. Customers require measurements to consistently rate

network confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA) to assess whether the cloud solution is

applicable to their needs and adaptable to future requirements. Metrics are also necessary to

clearly define cost savings and demonstrate program efficiencies, network consumption, and

vulnerabilities.More importantly, metrics emphasize security risks presented by the dependence

upon the cloud provider.

External Threats
Economic crisis
Although some do not consider the continued global economic downturn as a reasonfor

required financial IT efficiency, nonetheless, it has contributed to the push toward the cloud.

Industries accustomed to a large portion of the enterprise budget must discover the benefits cloud

computing provides. Continued reduction in IT budgets may drive customers to unproven

solutions, to the detriment of their business. Compliance with industry standards must be

enforced to reduce cloud vulnerabilities; however until overarching industry standards are

ratified, customer must mandate that their cloud provider outline methods for data security and

access controls.


Centralization
Cloud computing is thought of as providing a centralized data store from which

individuals and businesses can access innovative applications and services for their environment.

It allows customers the ability to go to a single area to access software and hardware, utilize

frameworks for service accreditation, and limits duplication of efforts, thus saving time and

money.This concept is aimed at consumer mobility and retention providing the ability to access

data anywhere from any device.

The converse however, is that centralization provides a single point of failure that is the

target of cybercriminals. Centralization drives the need for standards and governance on

everything from user credential (access controls) to business continuity management.

Centralization does offer a uniform approach for systems management, (i.e. applying security

updates, diminishing holes), but presents security risks that could result in unauthorized access to

data. Cybercriminals have begun how to “impactthe operations of other cloud customersand

have been focused on diskpartitions, CPU caches, and othershared elements which were never

designedfor strong compartmentalization” (Choo, 2010). Cloud providers must devise a

centralized approach to audit the network forintegrity, evaluate vulnerabilities and close gaps.


Strategic Analysis
Strengths – Weaknesses – Opportunities – Threats (SWOT)

Internal Audit
Strengths

1. The first Federal CIO instituted the “Cloud First” initiative as a method for federal
agencies to rapidly deploy technical solutions at cost savings, and allows for reuse
2. Aligns with 2010 Federal Data Center Consolidation initiative and could reduce the
number of managed applications and hardware (Kundra, 2011)
3. Reduces initial IT investment costs for new businesses, thus lessening their barriers for
market entry
4. Provides “elasticity”, allowing for quick scalability or downsizing of resources depending
on demand (Dlodlo, 2011)
5. Allows for innovation and entrepreneurship, and promises substantial efficiency gain
(Murray & Zysman, 2011)
6. Limits software piracy and unauthorized use
7. Provides a consistent and centralized mechanism for organizations to protect
confidential/regulated data
8. Can provide an environment where corporations can test and experiment without a
negative impact on production
9. Allows customers to take advantage of vendor products and services without expensive
investment costs
10. Provides broad network access regardless of size (i.e. individuals, businesses large and
small, as well as emerging markets)

Weaknesses

1. Consistent metrics from which to assess cloud service providers is non-existent, but are
being developed
2. Contradictory federal regulations limit government agency cloud adoption
3. Industry standards are evolving, resulting in a lack of compatibility, contributing to
“vendor lock-in” which has limited adoption
4. Lack of consistent, stringent access controls could lead, at a minimum, to inappropriate
disclosure, or at a maximum, the loss or destruction of sensitive information
5. Centralization leads to a single point of failure that demonstrate network vulnerabilities
of which cybercriminals will take advantage
6. Dependence upon the network results in disproportionate service offerings within austere
lands
7. Global standards on data privacy measures are not consistent
8. Sole reliance on browser security has contributed to cloud breaches (NIST 800-146)
9. Lack of information sharing agreements amongst federal agencies limit the efficiencies
cloud offers the community
10. The industry is in its infancy, constantly evolving to address issues, restricting adoption


External Audit
Opportunities

1. International acceptance of cloud computing services continues to expand; its economies
of scale will prove effective when developing governance and regulations to address
security risks
2. The Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program is being implemented to
create a standard, centralized approach to certify and accredit cloud computing products
and services.
3. Trust will be cultivated through legislation, as well as the development of approved,
uniform methods for cloud certification
4. Existing regulations (i.e. Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Gramm-Leach-
Bliley Act, European Union Data Protection Directive) are being reviewed to modernize
their approaches to address security concerns within the cloud environment
5. Access management frameworks are being developed and implemented to enhance
multination collaboration, with uniform access controls and authentication procedures
(CIO Council, 2011)
6. Focus on improved customer engagement is driving cloud competition within the mobile
market (i.e. tablet vs. phone) leading to innovative product offerings within their
subsequent platforms (Kushida, Murray, Zysman, 2011)
7. Cloud customers will still require onsite technical expertise to evaluate cloud provider
performance and effectiveness, resulting in improved training opportunities
8. Added flexibility in budget and acquisition regulations would provide incentives for
cloud adoption
9. Centralized federal certification and accreditation can be utilized by state and local
organizations which will enable cost efficiencies and drive innovation
10. Focus on component delivery will result in refined services independent of the platform

Threats

1. The cloud service providers control facilities and server access, thus creating possible
security vulnerabilities the cloud customer must address and manage from afar
2. Compatible international regulations are non-existent to combat cloud issues (i.e.
provider bankruptcy or liquidation, data security, privacy, identity management)
3. Cloud service providers offer a centralized location where cybercriminals have and will
attack
4. Disruption within the public, hybrid, and/or community cloud environment (i.e. network
unavailability, physical server removal) may cause unintended consequences to
customers peripheral to the affected party
5. The shared cloud environment provides cyber criminals a unique area to cause massive
disruption (i.e. denial of service, malware, botnet attacks, zombies)
6. Contracts do not clearly delineate roles and responsibilities for data storage, access, and
management


7. Cybercriminals have taken advantage of the lack of data encryption techniques while data
is at rest, resulting in unauthorized exposures of information
8. Criticism within social media could negatively impact the reputation of cloud service
providers and limit growth and innovation
9. Lack of trained acquisition personnel limits the posture cloud customers have when
negotiating contracts
10. Single entry points to the cloud and the lack of stringent password management allow
cybercriminals the ability to attack these vulnerabilities and limit cloud effectiveness

Recommendation
My recommendations would be to continue support of ongoing community efforts to

develop and sustain (1) an annual review of government regulations to address changes in

industry practices and devise measurements that offer minimum compliance with said

government regulations; (2) standard security requirements to which cloud solution providers

must adhere; (3) denote service level agreement roles and responsibilities that will be maintained

throughout the contract; (4) portal(s) from which cloud participants can contribute and access;

and (5) procedures to enlist uniform adoption of user authentication procedures for auditing and

control purposes.

Specific Annual Objectives and Policies

The objective of cloud computing is to provide access to dynamically scalable resources

and storage, without the massive financial investment. .

Policy Development
1. Governments must collaborate to define minimal, overarching regulations which will
be acceptable in each jurisdiction.
2. Cloud providers must develop a unilateral strategy to effectively manage remote
access and user authentication.
3. Cloud providers must team with security industry leaders (i.e. SANS) to outline a plan
to combat zero-day and denial of service (DOS) attacks. An example of a consistent
approach would be to apply security patches within 48 hours of receipt, regardless of
platform (i.e. PaaS, IaaS, and SaaS).
4. Cloud providers and consumers must collaborate to define minimal SLA stipulationsof
roles and responsibilities on information management. Providers must notify


customers within 48 hours of their acquisition, and the acquiring company must
assemble with its new customers within 30 days.
5. Support for continued government and industry development of a cloud acquisition
strategy. Metrics should be developed to provide organizations with financial
incentives should they successfully adopt a new, innovative, cutting-edge solution.

Conclusion
Cloud computing adoption is hampered by security concerns. These concerns can be

managed by implementing a cycle, similar to the figure below that continually evaluates changes

in government regulations for its impact on acquisition methodology, data transport and storage,

and access controls.

Figure 2: Information Security Adoption Cycle

Emphasize
continued industry
and government
participation in
cloud security
working groups Comprehend required changes to
domestic and international
regulations specific to information
security in cloud computing
Sponsor IT expertise to
integrate the latest
technologies

Define success criteria to
Collaborate with designate changes in
cloud providers on governance structures
testing and
accreditation
activities


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