The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 16 of 210

1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
We can print the variables values
We can change the variables values then continue execution
We can run the Interactive Debugger in the Output Window
8.15. Trace Library and Interactive Debugger 119

2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
8.16 More Syntax Flexibility
• Using braces { } in Packages/Classes/Functions
Example:
load "stdlib.ring"
import mypackage
new myclass {
myfunc()
}
package mypackage
{
class myclass
{
func myfunc
{
print("Hello, World!n")
}
}
}
• Using ‘end’ keyword after Packages/Classes/Functions
Example:
import mypackage
new myclass {
myfunc()
}
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3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
package mypackage
class myclass
def myfunc
put "Hello, World!"
end
end
end
• Using ‘endpackage’/’endclass’/’endfunc’ keywords after Packages/Classes/Functions
Example:
import mypackage
new myclass { myfunc() }
package mypackage
class myclass
func myfunc
see "welcome" + nl
endfunc
endclass
endpackage
8.17 Type Hints Library
Ring 1.5 comes with the Type Hints library
Using this library we can add the type information to the source code which will be very useful for tools like
• Code Editors
• Static-Analysis
Example:
load "typehints.ring"
see sum(3,4) + nl ;
see sayHello("Mahmoud");
int func sum(int x,int y) {
return x+y ;
}
string func sayHello(string name) {
return "Hello " + name ;
}
The library is very powerful and support the User types (Classes) automatically!
Example:
load "typehints.ring"
import mypackage
test() { main([:one,:two,:three]) }
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4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
myclass func test() {
see "Testing User Types!" + nl
return new myclass
}
package mypackage {
public class myclass {
public static void func main(list args) {
see "welcome" + nl
see args
}
}
}
Also You can use the types inside the code (not only the function prototype)
Example:
load "typehints.ring"
int sum = sum(3,4)
string msg = sayHello("Mahmoud")
see "Sum = " + sum + nl + msg + nl
int func sum(int x,int y) {
return x+y ;
}
string func sayHello(string name) {
return "Hello " + name ;
}
Rules:
• To use the types in the function prototype, You must use ‘(‘ and ‘)’ around parameters
• To use the types in the function code, You must set the variable value (Assignment).
Note: Ring is a dynamic language, No type checking will be done by the compiler.
8.18 Better Quality
Based on Ring usage every day in practical projects
Ring 1.5 is more stable and more productive!
We are adding features based on clear vision and practical needs.
Also the documentation is better.
8.19 What is new in Ring 1.5.1?
• Better Documentation
8.18. Better Quality 122

5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
• StdLib - Factorial() function update
• RingVM - Better code for clearing the stack in the Class Region.
• Sample : 3D Cube (OpenGL) + Texture Image using GameLib (RingAllegro)
Source Code:
load "gamelib.ring"
load "opengl21lib.ring"
func main
new GraphicsApp {
start()
}
class GraphicsApp from GraphicsAppBase
TITLE = "Ring Cube"
bitmap texture
xrot = 0.0
yrot = 0.0
zrot = 0.0
func loadresources
bitmap = al_load_bitmap("ring.bmp")
texture = al_get_opengl_texture(bitmap)
func destroyResources
al_destroy_bitmap(bitmap)
func drawScene
w = 800 h = 600
ratio = w / h
glViewport(0, 0, w, h)
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION)
glLoadIdentity()
gluPerspective(45,ratio,1,100)
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW)
glLoadIdentity()
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH)
glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5)
glClearDepth(1.0)
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST)
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE)
glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL)
glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
8.19. What is new in Ring 1.5.1? 123

6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
glLoadIdentity();
glTranslatef(0.0,0.0,-5.0);
glRotatef(xrot,1.0,0.0,0.0);
glRotatef(yrot,0.0,1.0,0.0);
glRotatef(zrot,0.0,0.0,1.0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
glBegin(GL_QUADS)
// Front Face
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, -1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
// Back Face
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, -1.0, -1.0)
// Top Face
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, -1.0)
// Bottom Face
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, -1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, -1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0)
// Right face
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, -1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f( 1.0, -1.0, 1.0)
// Left Face
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, -1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 0.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, -1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(1.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
glTexCoord2f(0.0, 1.0) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0)
glEnd()
xrot += 0.3
yrot += 0.2
zrot += 0.4
class GraphicsAppBase
display event_queue ev timeout
timer redraw = true
FPS = 60
SCREEN_W = 800
SCREEN_H = 600
KEY_UP = 1
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KEY_DOWN = 2
KEY_LEFT = 3
KEY_RIGHT = 4
Key = [false,false,false,false]
TITLE = "Graphics Application"
func start
SetUp()
loadResources()
eventsLoop()
destroy()
func setup
al_init()
al_init_image_addon()
al_set_new_display_flags(ALLEGRO_OPENGL)
display = al_create_display(SCREEN_W,SCREEN_H)
al_set_Window_title(display,TITLE)
al_clear_to_color(al_map_rgb(0,0,0))
event_queue = al_create_event_queue()
al_register_event_source(event_queue,
al_get_display_event_source(display))
ev = al_new_allegro_event()
timeout = al_new_allegro_timeout()
al_init_timeout(timeout, 0.06)
timer = al_create_timer(1.0 / FPS)
al_register_event_source(event_queue,
al_get_timer_event_source(timer))
al_start_timer(timer)
al_install_mouse()
al_register_event_source(event_queue,
al_get_mouse_event_source())
al_install_keyboard()
al_register_event_source(event_queue,
al_get_keyboard_event_source())
func eventsLoop
while true
al_wait_for_event_until(event_queue, ev, timeout)
switch al_get_allegro_event_type(ev)
on ALLEGRO_EVENT_DISPLAY_CLOSE
exit
on ALLEGRO_EVENT_TIMER
redraw = true
on ALLEGRO_EVENT_MOUSE_AXES
mouse_x = al_get_allegro_event_mouse_x(ev)
mouse_y = al_get_allegro_event_mouse_y(ev)
on ALLEGRO_EVENT_MOUSE_ENTER_DISPLAY
mouse_x = al_get_allegro_event_mouse_x(ev)
mouse_y = al_get_allegro_event_mouse_y(ev)
on ALLEGRO_EVENT_MOUSE_BUTTON_UP
exit
on ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_DOWN
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8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
switch al_get_allegro_event_keyboard_keycode(ev)
on ALLEGRO_KEY_UP
key[KEY_UP] = true
on ALLEGRO_KEY_DOWN
key[KEY_DOWN] = true
on ALLEGRO_KEY_LEFT
key[KEY_LEFT] = true
on ALLEGRO_KEY_RIGHT
key[KEY_RIGHT] = true
off
on ALLEGRO_EVENT_KEY_UP
switch al_get_allegro_event_keyboard_keycode(ev)
on ALLEGRO_KEY_UP
key[KEY_UP] = false
on ALLEGRO_KEY_DOWN
key[KEY_DOWN] = false
on ALLEGRO_KEY_LEFT
key[KEY_LEFT] = false
on ALLEGRO_KEY_RIGHT
key[KEY_RIGHT] = false
on ALLEGRO_KEY_ESCAPE
exit
off
off
if redraw and al_is_event_queue_empty(event_queue)
redraw = false
drawScene()
al_flip_display()
ok
callgc()
end
func destroy
destroyResources()
al_destroy_timer(timer)
al_destroy_allegro_event(ev)
al_destroy_allegro_timeout(timeout)
al_destroy_event_queue(event_queue)
al_destroy_display(display)
func loadresources
func drawScene
func destroyResources
Screen Shot:
8.19. What is new in Ring 1.5.1? 126

9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
8.20 What is new in Ring 1.5.2?
• Documentation - Chapter “Applications developed in little hours” is updated
• Ring Notepad - Display programs output in the output window on all platforms
• Form Designer - Help Menu - Open CHM/PDF files without displaying the console window
• Form Designer - Better response to Resize/Move Events when moving the Mouse quickly
• Form Designer - New/Open/Save As, will open the Controller class in Ring Notepad
• Form Designer - Added “Close Form” option to the file menu
• Ring Notepad - Run, will save the current file (Also the opened Form) automatically
• GetQuotesHistory Application - Updated to work on MacOS X and Qt 5.2
• Calculator Application - Updated to include more features!
• RingVM - Classification for Environment Errors (Check Chapter : Language Reference)
• RingQt - New methods added to QAllEvents for faster Events execution
• RingQt - Fusion Black Style - Better colors for disabled controls
• Scripts - For building Ring on Fedora Linux (Check Chapter : Building From Source Code)
Screen Shot:
8.20. What is new in Ring 1.5.2? 127

10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
8.21 What is new in Ring 1.5.3?
• Form Designer : Close Action will notify Ring Notepad to be able to open the Form again
• Form Designer : Save Action will open the controller class in Ring Notepad
• Form Designer : Keep current control selected when selecting many controls using CTRL Key
• Form Designer : Nice form back color when used in Ring Notepad (Style: Modern Black)
• RingOpenSSL : Updated to support newer versions like OpenSSL 1.1
• Building Scripts : Updated to work on Fedora 26 (64bit)
• OpenGL : New Sample - Many Cubes (samples/3D/manycubes)
Screen Shot:
8.21. What is new in Ring 1.5.3? 128