1. Personal and situational factors in
helping
Bystander intervention in emergency
situations
Presented by: SADAF AZIZ
Student of MSC -1
F/10-2 Girls College Islamabad

2. Personal and situational factors involve environmental
factors, presence of models, emotional states(good or bad
moods)which influence helping.
Modeling effects
An important factor that promote helping is the presence of some one
else who is helping-that is a behavioral model. One study found that
presence of model increased adult willingness to donate blood.
The presence of behavioral model tend to increase helping for several
reason.
i. First, a model demonstrates(show clearly)what kind of actions
are possible or effective in a situation.
ii. Second a helping model conveys the message that to offer help
Is appropriate in the particular situation.
iii. A model may provide information about cost and risks involved
in helping a consideration that is important specially in the
situation of danger.

5. 1-Bystander must notice the situation.
2-Bystander must interpret the situation.
3-Bystander must take personal responsibility.
4-The Bystander must know how to help. Sometimes
help simply by dialing 15.sometimes complex
providing medical help in an accident.
5-The bystander must make the decision to act.