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Harris Nadeem Presentation (1).pptx
1. Nucleic
Acid
Minhaj University Lahore
HARRIS NADEEM
ABDUL MAJID
MUHAMMAD ADEEL
SUMAIN CHAUDHRY
MUHAMMAD SOHAIB
MUHAMMAD NADEEM
Submitted To:
DR. AYESHA PERVAIZ
Doctor of Pharmacy
Submitted By:
Department:
2.
3. In order to understand the structure and
properties of DNA and RNA, we need to look at
their structural components.
We begin with certain heterocyclic aromatic
compounds called pyrimidines and purines.
4. The purines in DNA are adenine and guanine,
the same as in RNA. The pyrimidines in DNA
are cytosine and thymine; in RNA, they are
cytosine and uracil. Purines are larger than
pyrimidines because they have a two-ring
structure while pyrimidines only have a single
ring.
5. Pyrimidine and purine are the names
of the parent compounds of two
types of nitrogen-containing
heterocyclic aromatic compounds.
6. Pyrimidines that occur in DNA are
cytosine and thymine. Cytosine and
uracil are the pyrimidines in RNA.
9. Both purine and pyrimidine have similar
functions. They are vital for the production
of DNA and RNA, starch and proteins. They
also serve as a form of energy for cells. They
regulate enzymes and are necessary for
cell signalling.
11. b Nucleosides are usually obtained by chemical or enzymatic
decomposition of nucleic acids. Details of the structures of several natural
nucleosides determined in the period 1891-1911 include the identities of
the sugars and the nitrogenous compounds, the size of the ring of atoms
in the sugar molecules
12. b A Structural Subunit of nucleic acids, the heredity
controlling components of all living cells, consisting of
molecule of sugar linked to La nitrogen-containing
organic ring Compound.
13. b A nucleoside has a chemical composition that
consists of a ribose sugar and a nitrogenous base
without the phosphate group connected via B
glycosides linkage
14.
15. b Nucleoside analogue uses in different therapy such as
b human immunodeficiency virus HCV
b hepatitis B virus HBV
b hepatitis C virus HCV
b herpes simplex virus HSV
16. b Nucleosides are important biological
molecules that function as signaling
molecules and as precursors to nucleotides
needed for DNA and RNA synthesis.
17.
18. Nucleosides are responsible for
encoding, transmitting and
expressing genetic information
in all living things.
b Nucleotide consist of sugar,
nitrogenous base and
phosphoric group
b Nucleotides are building blocks
of nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
Nucleoside consist of only sugar
and nitrogenous base
Nucleoside Nucleotide
19.
20. b A nucleotide is an organic molecule that is basic functional unit
of nucleic acids( DNA and RNA). Monomer of nucleic acids are
nucleotides
b Examples :
• nucleotides with only one phosphate group:
• adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
• guanosine monophosphate (GMP) cytidine.
21. b Nucleotide consists of three following Units:
b Pentose sugar ; (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) .
b Phosphate group; attached with sugar molecule.
b Nitrogen-containing base; The bases used in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C),
guanine (G) and thymine (T). In RNA, the base uracil (U) takes the place of
thymine.
NUCLEOTIDE = NUCLEOSIDE + PHOSPHATE GROUP.
22.
23. b Pentose sugar :
Ribose sugar present in RNA and Deoxyribose sugar is present in DNA.
Ribose sugar has OH-GROUP at Carbon_2 and Deoxyribose sugar has H-
Group at Carbon_2.
b Phosphate Group:
Phosphate group attach with sugar molecule at
carbon_5 to form phosphodiester bond .
b Phosphodiester backbone form the framework of nucleic acid (RNA and
DNA).
24. b Types Of Nitrogenous Base:
There are two types of Nitrogenous base that are given
below,
b Purine :Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of two rings
b Examples, Adenine and Gaunine
Pyrimidines: Pyrimidine isa heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of one ring
Example: Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil.
b Nitrogenous Base:
Nitrogenous base attached with Pentose Sugar at Carbon No.1
25. b The functions of nucleotides include :
b carrying genetic information,
b facilitating protein synthesis
bTransferring energy
btransmitting signals
b . acting as coenzymes
b and participating in the synthesi
26.
27. • Nucleic acids are giant biomolecules
made of monomers called
nucleotides. Nucleotides have three
components: Pentose sugar (5-
carbon sugar), Phosphate group and
Nitrogeneous base.
28. • Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868, When
twenty-four -years old Swiss physician Friedrich
Miescher Isolated a new compound from the
nuclei of white blood cells.
• This compound was neither a protein nor lipid
nor a carbohydrate.
29. • Nucleic acids are polynucleotides that is, long chainlike
molecules, composed of a series of nearly identical
building blocks called Nucleotides. Each of nucleotide
consists of a nitrogen-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
Ribonucleic acid (RNA),and other types are,messenger
RNA(mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and are involved in
protein synthesis and its regulation.
30. • DNA has a double-helix
structure .The sugar and
phosphate lie on the outside of
the helix, forming the backbone
of the DNA.
31.
32.
33. > A complex organic substance present in
living cells especially DNA and RNA whose
molecules consist of many nucleotides
linked in a` long chain .
> They are bio polymers or small bio
molecules essentials to all known of life.
> They are composed of nucleotides which
are monomers made of these component
as carbon sugar a phosphate group and a
nitrogenous base .
34. b DNA as the main constituent of chromosomes .
b DNA is self replication material which is present
in nearly all living organism
b It is carrier of genetic information
DEOXYRIBONEUCLIC ACID (DNA)
RIBONEUCLIC ACID (RNA)
DEOXYRIBONUCLIC ACID (DNA)
There are two types of nucleic acid .
35. > Heredity Material.
> Perform Autocatalytic role of DNA.
> Hetero catalytic role.
> DNA controls cellular metabolism growth.
> Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic Engineering)
> Universal blueprint for life on earth .
> Determine what people look like and how their body function .
> DNA finger printing (DNA typing or profiling ).
36. > It is an important biological micro molecules that are present in
all biological cells .
> RNA is synthesized by DNA for transportations of genetic
information to the protein building apparatus in the cells
37. b Genetic material for some viruses .
b Function as intermediate (mRNA) between the gene and the protein –synthesizing
machinery .
b Function as adaptor (t RNA) between the codon in the mRNA and amino acids .
b Synthesis of new proteins using the genetic information that it is transported .
b In particular nucleic acids RNA plays an essential role in :
o Mitosis and meiosis
o Producing energy and cellular
respirations
38. Used in cancers, cardio vascular and autoimmune diseases
The pharmaceutical perspective of nucleic acids based
therapy presents a comprehensive account of gene therapy
.
Internationally acclaimed scientists discuss the potential use
of lipids, peptides and polymers for vivo delivery of nucleic
acids .
