FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB

FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET AND
WORLD WIDE WEB
Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 2
1

The Internet
• The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks
that links millions of businesses, government
agencies, educational institutions, and individuals
2Page 74
Figure 2-1

Evolution of the Internet
• The Internet was first developed by the Advanced
Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the U.S.
Department of Defense(DoD) for scientific and
military communications and to avoid the loss of
communication in the event of any single
installation being inaccessible due to war or
natural disasters.
3Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 2

ARPANET
• Project started by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)
in 1969
– Ancestor of the Internet
– The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency
Network) developed by ARPA of the United States
Department of Defense during the Cold War, and it
was the beginning of the global Internet.
– Initially connected four supercomputers
– Eventually grew into today’s Internet
• In 1990, ARPANET ceased to exist.
• 1990 – first search-engine (Archie) 4Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 2

• The Internet originated as ARPANET in September
1969 and had two main goals:
5Page 75
Allow scientists at
different physical
locations to share
information and work
together
Function even if part of
the network were
disabled or destroyed
by a disaster

1969
ARPANET
becomes
functional
1984
ARPANET has
more than
1,000
individual
computers
linked as
hosts
1986 NSF
connects
NSFnet to
ARPANET and
becomes
known as the
Internet
1995 NSFNet
terminates
its network
on the
Internet and
resumes
status as
research
network
1996
Internet2 is
founded
Today More
than 550
million hosts
connect to
the Internet
6Pages 75 - 76

7
Myths About the Internet
• Myth 1: The Internet is
free
– Most people and
businesses pay for Internet
access
– Free services are often in
exchange for providing
contact information or
viewing advertisements
– Fee-based content is
growing

8
Myths About the Internet
• Myth 2: Someone controls the Internet
– No single entity controls the Internet
– Governments can somewhat regulate Internet use within its
country but difficult to control it well
• Myth 3: The Internet and World Wide Web are identical
– www & internet is two separate concepts. Web or WWW is the
fastest growing part of the internet. Its most important feature
is “website”.
– Internet is the network of many networks. It is a global
network linking tens of thousands of networks & millions of
individual users, businesses, schools & Government agencies.
•

• Each organization is responsible only for
maintaining its own network
– The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) oversees
research and sets guidelines and standards
• Internet2 connects more than 200 universities
and 115 companies via a high-speed private
network
9Page 76

Type of Connection and Internet Access
• Many home and small business users connect to
the Internet via high-speed broadband Internet
service
10Page 76
Cable
Internet
service
DSL Dial Up
Fixed
wireless
Cellular
Radio
Network
Wi-Fi
Satellite
Internet
Service

Type of Connection and Internet Access
• Dial up Connection
• ISDN
• DSL
• Cable
• Wireless Internet Connection
• Satellite
11

Dial Up Connection (Analog)
Using a modem connected to your PC
• PC has to dial a number provided by ISP via a phone line to connect
– Slower, but cheaper
– Ties up phone lines
– Quality is not good
• Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an
analog, public telephone network. The modem converts received
analog data to digital and vise versa.
• Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps.
12

ISDN
• Integrated services digital network (ISDN) is an
international communications standard for sending voice,
video, data and fax transmissions over the same phone
line
• Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
• Faster then dial up , but pricey
• Doesn’t tie up phone line
• Used by businesses and individuals
• Dial before use
13

What is Broadband?
• Broadband Internet access, often shortened to
just "broadband", is a high data rate connection
to the internet
14

Cable
• Cable connections are considered one of the best types
of internet connection available to the home user, they
offer very fast and reliable connections with a fixed
monthly fee.
• The broadband cable connection is provided by the local
cable TV provider.
• Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides
much greater bandwidth than telephone lines, a cable
modem can be used to achieve extremely fast access.
Cable speeds range from 512 Kbps to 20 Mbps.
• Because cable connections are Always on you will need a
firewall and antivirus to protect your PC
15

DSL
• DSL (Digital subscriber line)is also called an always on connection
• DSL is provided by the telephone company over your existing
copper wire. With DSL, you can get both voice and data over the
same pair of wires.
• DSL service is a technology for bringing high-bandwidth broadband
internet service to homes and small businesses over ordinary
copper telephone lines
• There is no need to dial-in to your ISP as DSL is always on.
• With DSL service all you need to do is plug your PC into your DSL
modem and then from your modem to your normal telephone jack
• DSL Speed - 28Kbps – 1.5Mbps
16

Satellite
• The slowest broadband service is provided by
satellite.
• Although this is a good replacement for dial-up
for those people living in remote rural areas, the
installation costs are quite high, but the ongoing
monthly charges are competitive to both cable
and DSL.
• Slower and more expensive that cable or DSL
17

Wireless Connection
• Fixed wireless: Wireless Internet, or
wireless broadband is one of the newest Internet
connection types, uses radio frequency bands and towers
for internet connection.
• Wireless Internet provides an always-on connection
which can be accessed from anywhere — as long as you
geographically within a network coverage area.
• Hotspot: Public wireless networks
– Both free and fee-based are available
– Currently Wi-Fi so short range, but WiMAX may soon be an
option
18

19
Direct Connections
• Fixed wireless: Uses radio transmission towers rather than
satellites
– Not available in all areas
• Broadband over Fiber (BoF): Delivers over fiber-optic
cabling all the way to the building
– Available in limited areas
– Fast but expensive
• Mobile wireless: Access via mobile phone or device
• Hotspot: Public wireless networks
– Both free and fee-based are available
– Currently Wi-Fi so short range, but WiMAX may soon be an
option

21
The Internet Community Today
• Most members of the Internet community fall into one or
more of the following groups
– Users: People who use the Internet
– Internet service providers (ISPs): Provide access to the Internet,
typically for a fee

• An access provider is a business that provides individuals
and organizations access to the Internet free or for a fee
22Page 77
Figure 2-2

ISP (Internet
service provider)
Regional ISPs
provide Internet
access to a specific
geographical area
National ISPs
provide Internet
access in cities and
towns nationwide
Online service
provider (OSP)
Has many members-
only features
Popular OSPs include
AOL (America
Online) and MSN
(Microsoft Network)
Wireless Internet
service provider
Provides wireless
Internet access to
computers and
mobile devices
May require a
wireless modem
23Page 78

24Page 79
Figure 2-3

25Page 80
Figure 2-5

The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web, or Web, consists of a worldwide
collection of electronic documents (Web pages)
• Can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in
connections
• A Web site is a collection of related Web pages and
associated items
• A Web server is a computer that delivers requested Web
pages to your computer
• Web 2.0 refers to Web sites that provide a means for users
to interact
• Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): standard page
description language for Web pages
26Pages 80 - 81

The World Wide Web
• A Web browser, or browser, allows users to
access Web pages and Web 2.0 programs
27Page 81
Internet
Explorer
Firefox Opera
Safari
Google
Chrome

The World Wide Web
28Page 81
Figure 2-6

The World Wide Web
• A home page is the first
page that a Web site
displays
• Web pages provide links to
other related Web pages
– Surfing the Web
29Pages 82 - 83
Figure 2-7
• Some Web pages are
designed specifically for
microbrowsers

The World Wide Web
• A Web page has a unique address called a URL or
Web address
30Pages 82 – 83
Figure 2-8

The World Wide Web
• An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies each
computer or device connected to the Internet
• A domain name is the text version of an IP address
– Top-level domain (TLD)
• A DNS server translates the domain name into its
associated IP address
31Pages 79 – 80
Figure 2-4

The World Wide Web
What is downloading?
 The process of a computer receiving information
 Depending upon connection speed, downloading can take
from a few seconds to several minutes
Uploading: is the process of transferring a file from local
computer to remote computer over network.

The World Wide Web
• Tabbed browsing allows you to open and view multiple
Web pages in a single Web browser window
33Page 84
Figure 2-9

The World Wide Web
• Two types of search tools are search engines and
subject directories (http://dir.yahoo.com/)
34Page 85
Search
engine
Finds information
related to a
specific topic
Subject
directory
Classifies Web
pages in an
organized set of
categories

The World Wide Web
35Page 85
Figure 2-10

The World Wide Web
• A search engine is helpful in locating items such as:
36Page 85
Images Videos Audio Publications
Maps
People or
Businesses
Blogs

The World Wide Web
37Page 86
Figure 2-11

The World Wide Web
• Some Web browsers contain an Instant Search
box to eliminate the steps of displaying the search
engine’s Web page prior to entering the search
text
38Page 87
Figure 2-12

The World Wide Web
• Search operators can help to refine your search
39Page 87
Figure 2-13

The World Wide Web
• There are thirteen types of Web sites
40Pages 88 – 91
Figure 2-15
Portal News Informational Business/Marketing
Blog Wiki Online Social
Network
Educational

The World Wide Web
Entertainment Advocacy Web Application
Content
Aggregator
Personal
41Pages 91 – 92
Figure 2-15

Video: Tell Your Stories via Vlog
42
CLICK TO START

The World Wide Web
• Information presented
on the Web must be
evaluated for accuracy
• No one oversees the
content of Web pages
43Page 92
Figure 2-16

The World Wide Web
• Multimedia refers to any application that
combines text with:
44Page 92

The World Wide Web
• A graphic is a digital
representation of
nontext information
• Graphic formats include
BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG,
and TIFF
45Page 93
Figure 2-17

The World Wide Web
• A thumbnail is a small
version of a larger
graphic
46Page 94
Figure 2-19

The World Wide Web
• Animation is the appearance of motion created
by displaying a series of still images in sequence
47Page 94

The World Wide Web
• Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound
– Compressed to reduce file size
• You listen to audio on your computer using a player
• Streaming is the process of transferring data in a
continuous and even flow
48Pages 94 – 95
Figure 2-20

The World Wide Web
49Page 95
Figure 2-21

The World Wide Web
• Video consists of images displayed in motion
50Page 96
Figure 2-22

The World Wide Web
• Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to
simulate a real or imagined environment that
appears as a three-dimensional space
51Pages 96 – 97
Figure 2-23

The World Wide Web
• A plug-in is a program that extends the capability
of a Web browser
52Page 97
Figure 2-24

The World Wide Web
• Web publishing is the development and
maintenance of Web pages
53Page 98
Plan a
Web site
Analyze
and
design a
Web site
Create a
Web site
Deploy a
Web site
Maintain
a Web
site

E-Commerce
• E-commerce is a business transaction that occurs
over an electronic network
– M-commerce identifies e-commerce that takes place
using mobile devices
54Page 98

E-Commerce
55Pages 98 - 99
E-commerce
Business-
to-
consumer
(B2C)
Consumer-
to-
consumer
(C2C)
Business-
to-
business
(B2B)

E-Commerce
56Page 99
Figure 2-25

Other Internet Services
• E-mail is the
transmission of
messages and files via a
computer network
• An e-mail program
allows you to create,
send, receive, forward,
store, print, and delete
e-mail messages
57Page 101
Figure 2-26

58Page 102
Figure 2-27

• A mailing list is a group of e-mail names and addresses
given a single name
– Subscribing adds your e-mail name and address
– Unsubscribing removes your name
59Page 103
Figure 2-28

• Instant messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet
communications service
60Page 104
Figure 2-29

• A chat is a real-time
typed conversation that
takes place on a
computer
• A chat room is a
location on an Internet
server that permits
users to chat with each
other
61Page 105
Figure 2-30

• VoIP (Voice over IP)
enables users to speak
to other users over the
Internet
– Also called Internet
telephony
62Page 106
Figure 2-31

• A newsgroup is an
online area in which
users have written
discussions about a
particular subject
– Typically requires a
newsreader
• A message board is a
Web-based type of
discussion group
63Page 107
Figure 2-32

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard
that permits file uploading and downloading with
other computers on the Internet
• Many operating systems include FTP capabilities
• An FTP server is a computer that allows users to
upload and/or download files using FTP
64Page 107

Netiquette
• Netiquette is the code of acceptable Internet
behavior
65Page 108
Figure 2-33

66
Beyond Browsing and E-Mail
• Many other activities available via the
Internet in addition to Web browsing and e-
mail
– Online communications
– Social networking
– Online shopping and investing
– Online entertainment
– Online news, reference, and information
– Online education and writing

67
Types of Online Communications
• Types of online communications
– Instant messaging (IM): Exchange of real-time
messages
• Buddy list

68
– Voice over
Internet Protocol
(VoIP): Making
telephone calls
over the Internet
• PC to PC
• skype

69
– Discussion groups (message boards,
newsgroups, or online forums): Read and post
messages
– Chat rooms: Multiple users chat in real time
– Videoconferencing: Two-way conference using
computers and communications technology
– Webinars: Web seminar, more one-way
– Blogs (Web log): Post short, frequently updates
entries in chronological order

70
Social Networking
• Social networking sites: Create a community of
individuals with common interests
– MySpace, Facebook, etc. allow people to post information
about themselves
– Video and photo sharing (YouTube, Flickr, etc.
– Collaborative news communities (Digg)
– Social bookmarking (del.icio.us)
– Used for politics and business
• Business networking sites
• Family networking sites
• Users should be careful not to reveal too much about
themselves for safety reasons

72
Online Shopping and Investing
• E-commerce: Online financial transactions
• Precautions
– Be sure all e-commerce activities are performed via a
secure Web server (https://)
– Use a credit card whenever possible
• Online shopping: Purchasing goods and services
online
– Can purchase items via manufacturers, large
businesses, small businesses, etc.
– Usually paid via credit card, though other options may
be available

73
• Online auctions: Buying via an auction format online
(eBay, etc.)
– Buy from individuals
– Can bid until auction closes
– Buyer arranges payments and delivery with seller
– Seller pays auction fees
• Online banking (transfer funds, check balances, pay bills,
etc.)
• Online investing (buy and sell stocks, bonds, and other
securities
– Online portfolios
– Some stock quotes are delayed
• Auction and stock quote pages may need to be reloaded
to show current data

74

75
Online Entertainment
• Online music
– Internet radio stations: Listen to music live
– Online music stores: Used to purchase and download music
singles and albums in digital format legally
– Some available legally via peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing
services
• Online TV, online videos, video-on-demand (VoD)
– Live TV, full episodes
– Music, news, home videos, etc.
– VoD: Movies and other video content ordered and delivered on
demand
• Online gaming: Games played over the Internet
– Web-based games, online multiplayer games, etc.

77
Online News, Reference, and Information
• Online news
– Available through Web sites belonging to news organizations,
television networks, newspapers, magazines, etc.
– News sites are usually regularly updated throughout the day
– News archives are often available (sometimes requires a fee)
• Reference sites
– Provide access to specific types of useful information
– Phone and address directories, weather, maps, home values,
encyclopedias, dictionaries, etc.

78
Portal Pages, RSS Feeds, Podcasts, and
Widgets
• Portal Web page: Designed to be displayed
as a browser’s home page and visited on a
regular basis
– Often contain
news,
calendars,
e-mail, and
other tools
– Usually
personalized
– iGoogle,
My Yahoo!,
My MSN, etc.

79
Online News, Reference, and
Information

80
Portal Pages, RSS Feeds, Podcasts, and
Widgets
• RSS (Really Simple Syndication): Delivers news,
podcasts, and other regularly published content
– Individuals subscribe to an RSS feed and new content is
delivered to them as it becomes available
• Podcasts: Recorded audio or video available via
the Internet
– Prepared by individuals and companies
– iTunes Store puts thousands of free podcasts at your
fingertips
• Widgets: Small programs displayed on portal
pages, desktops, dashboards, etc.
– Can be used to display headlines, among other uses
– e.g. Windows Vista gadgets

81
Product, Corporate, and Government
Information
• The Web is a
useful tool for
locating
product and
corporate
information, as
well as
governmental
information
and
publications

82
Online Education
• Online education: Using the Internet to facilitate
learning
– Web-based training (WBT): Instruction delivered via
the Web
• Corporate training, tutorials, etc.
– Distance learning: Students take classes from location
other than campus
• Advantages: Self-paced instruction, flexible location, up-to-
date material, immediate feedback, and customized content
• Disadvantages: Technology requirements and problems,
anonymity, and lack of face-to-face contact

83
Online Education
• This textbook has:
– Web site at www.course.com/uc12
with interactive activities, practice
tests, etc.
– Blackboard
learning platform
– SAM 2007
testing, etc.

84
Online Education
– Online testing: Taking tests via the Internet
• Available for both objective and performance-based exams
• Typically are
graded
automatically
• Security is an
issue
– Authorized
testing centers
– Secure
testing systems

85
Online Education
– Online writing
• Blogs: Personal Web logs
• Wikis: Editable collaborative Web page
• E-portfolios: Personal online portfolio

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